Large Animal Exam 1 Flashcards
4
Dorsal scapular Cartilage
1’
Tuber spinae
Horses only
3
Superglenoid tubercle
2
Acromion
Bovine only
3
intertubercular groove
3’
Intermediate ridge
Equine only
5
Brachialis groove
4
Deltoid tuberosity
1
Greater tubercle
2
Lesser tubercle
Arrows
Interosseous space
What numbers are the split bones in horses?
2 and 4
What is the name of the fracture that is common in the carpal joint?
Chip fractures
What is a slab fracture?
Alignment of the metacarpal tuberosity of the 3rd metacarpal with C3 during overextension can lead to this
What muscles support the shoulder?
Infraspinatus muscle
Subscapularis muscle
Supraspinatus muscle
What are the three joints of the carpus?
Antebrachiocarpal joint
Middle carpal
Carpometacarpal
Does the shoulder have collateral ligaments?
No
Loss of muscle leads to subluxation and luxation
This muscle functions to pull limb forward as a forelimb is in the air
Brachiocephalicus muscle
This muscle functions to pull the trunk forward when a forelimb is contacting the ground?
Power strokes
Latissimus dorsi muscle
Ascending/Caudal deep pectoral muscle
This muscle acts to suspend the thorax from the forelimbs and support the trunk
Elastic properties that allow them to function as shock absorbers
Serratus ventralis muscle
These muscle can aid in adduction of the forelimb
Superficial pectoral mm
This part of the pectoral is specific to the horse and runs along the cranial edge of the scapula and humerus?
Cranial deep pectoral muscle (subclavius)
This muscle acts to raise the scapula
The cervical portion can advance the forelimb
The thoracic portion can assist in swinging the forelimb caudally
Trapezius muscle
This muscle acts to raise and rotate the scapula
Rhomboideus
What muscle flexes the shoulder and what nerve innervates it?
Deltoideus muscle
Axillary nerve
What muscle extends the shoulder and what nerve innervates it?
Biceps brachii muscle
Bicipital tendon
Lacertus fibrosus
Musculocutaneous nerve
What muscle flexes the elbow and what nerve innervates it?
Biceps brachii muscle
Brachialis muscle
Musculocutanous nerve
What muscles extend the elbow and what nerve innervates it?
Tricpes brachii
Tensor fasciae antebrachii
Radial nerve
What are the flexors of the carpus and what nerve innervates it?
Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
Flexor carpi radialis muscle
Ulnar and median nerve
What are the extensors of the carpus and what innervates it?
Extensor carpi radialis muscle
Ulnaris lateralis
Radial nerve
What contributes to the forelimb stay apparatus?
Biceps brachii muscle
Bicipital tendon
Extensor carpi radialis muscle
Lacertus fibrosus
Metacarpal tuberosity
What is the function of the check ligaments?
Prevent hyperextension of the carpus
What is the proximal check ligament associated with and where does it attach?
Associated with superficial digital flexor muscle
Attaches to the palmar surface of the distal end of the radius
What is the distal check ligament associated with and where does it attach?
Associated with the deep digital flexor muscle
Attaches to the palmar surface of the cannon
What consists of the suspensory apparatus?
Suspensory ligament
Proximal sesamoid bone
Distal sesamoid bone
Distal ends of the superficial and deep digital flexor muscle
Prevents hyperextension of the fetlock joint
What nerve innervates the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscle?
Suprascapular nerve
If this is compressed with the associated muscles=sweeney
Where can the radial nerve be compressed?
At the caudal end of the brachialis groove of the humerus
Leads to the dropped elbow
This artery is found along the caudal border of the scapula and dives between the teres major and subscapularis muscle
Comes off the axillary artery
Subscapular artery
This artery runs cranially toward the shoulder and is the branch indicating the end of the axillary artery
Cranial circumflex humeral artery
This artery branches off the brachial artery
Travels through the interosseous space to reach the extensors of the carpus and digits
Common interosseous artery
This is the main blood supply to the digits
Medial palmar artery
This superficial vein runs along the dorsal edge of the ascending deep pectoral muscle
Just caudal to the elbow
Superficial thoracic vein
This vein serves as a connection between the brachial and cephalic vv
Found on the medial surface of the elbow
Median cubital vein
This vein is found between the bicpes and triceps brachii mm
Drains into the axillary vein
Brachial vein
What are the different surfaces of the navicular bone?
Proximal surface
Distal surface
Flexor surface
Articular surface
This surface of the navicular bone articulates with P2 proximally while a small portion of the dorsal and distal edges articulates with P3
Articular surface
This ligament firmly attaches to P3 to the navicular so they can move as a unit
Distal sesmoidean impar ligament
1
Proximal surface of navicular bone
2
Articular surface of navicular bone
4
Metacarpals 3+4 (bovine cannon bone)
1
P1
Proximal phalanx
2
P2
Middle phalanx
3
P3
Distal phalanx
Pedal bone
10
Interdigital space
6
Abaxial proximal sesamoid bone
7
Axial proximal sesamoid bone
9
Extensor process of pedal bone
1
Suspensory ligament
2
Deep digital flexor tendon
3
Superficial digital flexor tendon
4
Straight sesmoidean ligament
5
Oblique Sesamoidean Ligament
10
Collateral cartilage of P3
What is a screwdriver fracture?
Sagittal ridge of Mc3 and causes a fracture in the sagittal groove of P1
Where does the superficial sesmoidean ligament and superficial digital flexor attach?
P2
Where does the long /common digital extensor tendon insert?
Extensor process of P3
What is the name of the small notch on the midline of P3?
Crena marginalis
Where does the deep digital flexor tendon insert?
On the solar surface of P3
E
Extensor process
S
Sidebone
Arrow
Crena marginalis
The fetlock joint is created by the interlocking of what structures?
Interlocking of the sagittal ridge of the cannon bone and the sagittal groove of P1 and the proximal sesamoids
red line
Fetlock joint
yellow line
PIP joint
blue line
DIP joint
9
Superficial distal sesamoidean ligament
6
Digital cushion
5
Navicular bone
7
Superficial digital flexor tendon
8
Deep digital flexor tendon
10
Navicular bursa
12
Horny (insensitive) laminae
13
Distal sesmoidean impar ligament
What are the extensors of the digits and what innervates them?
Common digital extensor
Lateral digital extensor
radial nerve
What are the flexors of the digits and what innervates them?
Superficial digital flexor
Deep digital flexor mm
Median, ulnar nerve
What is the junction of the hoof and the skin?
Coronet
This is located in the transition zone
This produces a thin waxy layer which protects the hoof wall against drying
Periople
What are the three divisions of the hoof?
Toe
Quarter
Heel
The semi-flat area on the ground surface of the hoof between the wall and the bars
Sole
Triangular shaped region on the ground surface of the hoof where the point is called the apex
There is a single central sulcus that is rather shallow
Frog
This separates the sole and bar from the frog on the ground surface
Collateral sulci
1
Apex of the frog
2
Central sulcus of the frog
3
Bulb of heel
4
Bar
5
Wall
6
Sole
Arrows
Collateral sulci
This laminae extend from the underlying bone and interdigitate with the horny laminae of the wall of the hoof
Horses have a secondary laminae associated with this
Sensitive Laminae
What represents where the sensitive and insensitive laminae interdigitate
White line
This is on the inner rim of the hoof and represents the area that is filled with dermal papillae from the coronary dermis
Coronary groove
Meaning away from midline or axis
Abaxial wall
Meaning toward midline
Axial
This wall is thinner
This ligaments prevents the digits from splaying too far from the foot axis
Well developed in cattle
Interdigital ligament
2
Suspensory ligament
3
Superficial digital flexor
4
Deep digital flexor
5
Palmar annular ligament
8
Digital annular ligament
10
Distal interdigital ligament
What is the flexor tuberosity?
The point of insertion of the deep digital flexor tendon on P3
Pressure of the tuberosity leads to sole ulcers
What are wind puffs?
When the digital tendon sheath becomes inflamed
Swelling appears on the palmar aspect of the proximal sesamoids
Which joints have collateral ligaments?
Fetlock
Pip
DIP
Navicular bone
What holds the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons in place?
Palmar annular ligament
What ligament makes an X and is superficial to the digital flexor tendons
Located on the palmar aspect of P1
Proximal digital annular ligament
What ligament makes a U and is superficial to the deep digital flexor tendons
Located on the palmar aspect of P2 and P3
Distal digital annular ligament
5
Palmar annular ligament
6
Proximal digital annular ligament
7
Distal digital annular ligament
Where does the lateral digital extensor muscle attach?
Attaches to the dorsal aspect of P1
13
Median artery
15 and 15’
Medial and lateral palmar arteries
17 and 17’
Medial and lateral palmar digital arteries
12’’ 12’’’
Lateral and medial palmar nerve
13
Medial palmar digital nerve
1
Brachial vein
2
Cephalic vein
What is laminitis?
Inflammation of the laminae
P3 rotates downward due to gravity and the pull of the deep digital flexor tendon
Can be separation of P3 partially or completely from the hoof wall
Can treat with cutting the distal check ligament and the deep digital flexor tendon
What is navicular syndrome?
Chronic degenerative condition of the navicular apparatus
Palmar digital neurectomy
What is digital dermatitis?
An infectious and contagious bacterial infection of the skin commonly seen in the interdigital cleft of wet traumatized feet
Foot baths are useful in preventing bacterial infections
What is foot rot?
A sporadic infection of the soft tissue of the foot in cattle
Sudden onset of lameness accompanied by the symmetrical swelling of the lower leg above the digit and a foul small
Ascending infection can develop and lead to coffin joint or flexor tendon sheath infection
What is a sole ulcer?
Develop as the flexor tuberosity of P3 pushes on the sole from the inside of the foot
Ulcers occur most commonly in the outside 4th digit in rear legs
What is white line disease?
Range of lesions that occur in the abaxial white line region toward the heel or outside digit of the rear foot
Compromises of the laminar junction
Lead to hemorrhages to separations and abscesses
What is foot sepsis?
Several structures in the digit can become infected typically due to ascending infections from foot rot or foot abscesses that develop from sole ulcers or white line disease
Digital amputation
Ankylosis
What composes the crus?
Tibia
Fibula
What composes the pes?
Tarsus
Metatarsal bones
Phalanges
Keratinized growth found on the medial aspect of the radius in the thoracic limb and medial aspect of the cannon bone in the pelvic limb
Chestnut
Keratinized growths found on the palmar and plantar surface of the fetlock
Ergot
What are the hook bones in cattle?
Tuber coxae
1
Tuber coxae
2
Tuber sacrale
3
Body of the ilium
5
Ischium
6
Tuber ischii
7
Ischial arch
10
Pelvic inlet
11
Obturator foramen
12
Greater trochanter
What forms the greater sciatic foramen?
What vessels exit this foramen?
Bony greater sciatic notch of the ilium and the sacrosciatic ligaments
Sciatic nerve
Cranial gluteal artery
This ligament spans from the sacrum to the ischium
Sacrosciatic ligament
What forms the lesser sciatic foramen?
What exits in equine and bovine?
Formed by the bony lesser sciatic notch of the ilium and the sacrosciatic ligament
Bovine=caudal gluteal artery
Equine= tendon of the internal obturator muscle
This is where the fetus passes to exit the female reproductive tract
Pelvic canal
This is the opening at the cranial aspect of the pelvis formed by the pelvic bones and the sacrum
Pelvic inlet
This is the opening at the caudal aspect of the pelvis formed by the sacrum and caudal vertebrae, sacrosciatic ligament and the ischial arch
Pelvic outlet
Where does the sciatic nerve exit?
Near the greater sciatic foramen
Then wraps caudally around the hip joint and courses distally in the pelvic limb
What part of the femur is in the horse and not in the cow?
third trochanter
1
Head of femur
2
Greater trochanter
3
Lesser trochanter
4
Third trochanter
Equine only
5
Patella
Where do the cruciate ligaments attach?
Intercondylar fossa between the femoral condyle
What arises from the extensor fossa on the femur?
Long digital extensor
Fibularis tertius mm
What arises from the supracondylar fossa?
Superficial digital flexor m
This is where the patellar ligaments attach
Tibial tuberosity
1
Medial ridge of femoral trochlea
2
Lateral ridge of femoral trochlea
3
Medial patellar ligament
4
Middle patellar ligament
5
Lateral patellar ligament
6
Lateral collateral ligament
7
Medial collateral ligament
8
Fibularis tertius tendon
9
Superficial digital flexor tendon
1
Femoral head
2
Greater trochanter
3
Lesser trochanter
4
Third trochanter
6
Medial trochlear ridge
7
Patella
8
Intercondylar eminence
9
Tibial tuberosity
10
Medial malleolus
What inserts on the calcanean tuberosity?
Gastrocnemius muscle
Superficial digital flexor muscle
What is the wide distal and medial part of the calcaneus called?
Sustentaculum tali
What are the main weight bearing distal tarsal bones
Central and third tarsal bone
Where does the dorsal pedal artery pass through?
The small vascular canal between the central, third and fourth tarsal
1
Medial malleolus
2
Distal fibula (lateral malleolus)
3 and 4
Medial and lateral ridge of trochlea of talus
5
Proximal trochlea of talus
6
Distal trochlea
7
Calcaneus
8
Central tarsal bone
9
Fourth tarsal bone
10
Tc + T4
11
Third tarsal bone
12
T2+T3
What ligament inserts on the head of the femur and is in horses only?
Accessory ligament of the femoral head
This second ligament makes it harder for horses to dislocate their hip
What is the stifle joint?
Formed by the articulation of the femoral condyles with the condyles of the tibia
What is the patellar locking mechanism?
The trochlea of the femur has a large medial ridge which locks with the patellar ligaments
How many joints does the tarsus have?
4
What is the largest tarsal joint?
Tibiotarsal joint
Largest range of motion
What are the names of the tarsal joints from proximal to distal?
Tibiotarsal
Proximal intertartsal
Distal intertarsal
Tarsometatarsal
What does the iliopsas muscle assist with?
Flexion of the hip
What muscles extend the hip and what innervates it?
Biceps femoris
Semitendiosus
Semimembranosus
Middle gluteal
Sciatic/tibial nerve
What muscle can extend the stifle when the limb is weight bearing and when the hoof is raised it can flex the stifle because it is connected to the calcanean tendon
Biceps femoris mm
Semitendiosus mm
Semimembranosus mm (no calcanean tendon)
What muscle acts to extend the hip and can also abduct the thigh?
Middle gluteal mm
What are the flexors of the hip and what innervates it?
Tensor fasciae latae
Superficial gluteal
Rectus femoris mm
Gluteal nerve
What muscle acts to flex the hip and can also advance the hind limb
Tensor fasciae latae mm
What muscle can act to flex the hip and can also abduct the thigh?
Superficial gluteal mm
What muscle can flex the hip due to its origin on the ilium and its insertion on the patella
Rectus femoris mm
This muscle tendon emerges from the lesser sciatic foramen and is innervated by the sciatic nerve
Internal obturator muscle
What are the extensors of the stifle and what innervates them?
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Sciatic/tibial nerve
What muscles adduct the thigh? And what innervates them?
Gracilis
Adductor
Pectineus mm
Obturator nerve
What are the extensors of the tarsus and what innervates them
Gastrocnemius
Tibial nerve
What are the flexors of the tarsus and what innervates them?
Cranial tibial
Fibularis tertius
Fibularis longus
Common fibular nn
What are the extensors of the digits and what innervates them?
Long digital extensor
Lateral digital extensor mm
Common fibular nerve
What are the flexors of the digits and what innervates them?
Superficial digital flexor
Deep digital flexor
Tibial n
What does the reciprocal apparatus have?
Fibularis teritus
Superficial digital flexor
Where does the superficial digital flexor originate in the hind limb?
Supracondylar fossa and crosses the calcanean tuberosity
Where does the fibularis tertius originate?
Extensor fossa and attaches near the tarsus and proximal metatarsus
The equine foot bears most of its weight on the…?
Wall
The common digital extensor tendon inserts on the ___ of the distal phalanx?
Extensor Process
Which two structures are involved in most “slab” fracture?
3rd carpal bone
3rd metacarpal
Which of the following most directly support the fetlock joint via the forelimb stay apparatus?
Check ligaments
Suspensory apparatus
This vein is located near the border of the superficial pectoral mm and the brachiocephalicus mm
Cephalic
What ligament is this?
Accessory ligament of the femoral head
What is wrong with this horse?
Patellar locking mechanism
Which muscle makes up the major muscle contributing to the rounded appearance to the equine rump?
Middle gluteal
