Large Animal Diseases

Question 1

What two physiological characteristics of the body can affect PCV?

Answer 1

(Hydration status and splenic contraction)

Question 2

What two blood smear findings are normal in horses that would be abnormal in other species?

Answer 2

(Anisocytosis and rouleaux formation)

Question 3

What do horses not produce that are typically the indicator of regenerative anemia?

Answer 3

(Reticulocytes)

Question 4

What three indices are evidence of RBC regeneration in horses?

Answer 4

(Macrocytosis, normochromic, and increased anisocytosis/RDW)

Question 5

What is the gold standard for confirming regenerative anemia in equine patients?

Answer 5

(Bone marrow sampling)

Question 6

You have a urine sample that you obtained from a suspected anemia horse and it is red. You centrifuge it and when it is done, there is a red pellet at the bottom and the rest of the urine is normal pale yellow, what does this indicate?

Answer 6

(Hematuria)

Question 7

You have a urine sample that you obtained from a suspected anemia horse and it is red. If the urine were to still be red after centrifugation, what does this instead indicate? Two answers.

Answer 7

(Hemoglobinuria or myoglobinuria)

Question 8

You have a urine sample that you obtained from a suspected anemia horse and it is red. You centrifuged the urine and it was still red which indicates either hemoglobinuria or myoglobinuria. How would you then distinguish between if the patient has hemoglobinuria or myoglobinuria?

Answer 8

(Take a blood sample and centrifuge it, plasma should be red for hemoglobinuria and normal, pale yellow/clear for myoglobinuria)

Question 9

What percentage of blood volume can horses lose before death?

Answer 9

(30%)

Question 10

What percentage of a horse’s body weight is their blood volume?

Answer 10

(8%)

Question 11

Why can giving a bolus of fluids to a hemorrhaging patient exacerbate bleeding?

Answer 11

(The rapid increase in volume can knock a forming clot free and bleeding can restart)

Question 12

In addition to low PCV values and peracute hemorrhage signs (tachycardia, pale mm, hypotension, weakness), clinical signs of poor tissue oxygenation indicate a transfusion should be given. What is the primary indicator of poor tissue oxygenation?

Answer 12

(High blood lactate)

Question 13

Should you type or cross-match a horse if they have never had a transfusion?

Answer 13

(Nope)

Question 14

What are the two toxic processes of red maple toxicity?

Answer 14

(Hemoglobin changes to methemoglobin and oxidative damage to RBCs)

Question 15

In the treatment of red maple toxicity, what is given to reduce methemoglobin back to hemoglobin?

Answer 15

(Ascorbic acid)

Question 16

What is the name for the equine infectious anemia test that horses need to have a negative result of within 1 year when comingling with other horses?

Answer 16

(Coggins test)

Question 17

Why do goats generally have lower PCVs than other species?

Answer 17

(Their RBCs are smaller)

Question 18

Hemoglobin (on CBC) should be what fraction or lower of a patient’s PCV/HCT, besides in camelids whose hemoglobin can be up to ½ of their PCV/HCT?

Answer 18

(⅓)

Question 19

What intestinal parasite is the primary cause of blood loss in small ruminants?

Answer 19

(Haemonchus contortus)

Question 20

What ectoparasite can cause blood loss anemia in food animal species?

Answer 20

(Lice)

Question 21

Which general age group of cattle will have mild to no clinical signs when infected with anaplasma?

Answer 21

(Young, if infected before 6-9 months)

Question 22

What disease is very similar to anaplasma in terms of clinical signs and carrier state after infection that is transmitted by the Asian Longhorn tick?

Answer 22

(Theileria)

Question 23

What occurs due to the sudden increase in water uptake by cells in water intoxication? Two answers.

Answer 23

(Cerebral edema → neurologic signs; and hypotonicity and subsequent rupture of RBCs → intravascular hemolysis)

Question 24

What is the treatment for water intoxication?

Answer 24

(Hypertonic saline IV)

Question 25

What is the formula to determine the amount of blood you want to give your anemic patient?

Answer 25

((Body weight in kgs x 0.08 x (PCV desired - PCV recipient)) / PCV donor blood = L blood)

Question 26

How much blood can be taken from a blood donor?

Answer 26

(Up to 25% of blood volume)

Question 27

What is vasculitis?

Answer 27

(Inflammation of blood vessels)

Question 28

Is vasculitis localized or systemic?

Answer 28

(Could be either)

Question 29

Is vasculitis primary or secondary?

Answer 29

(Could be either, primary rare in animals)

Question 30

Why do antibodies produced by plasma cells in response to viruses found in blood vessels sometimes instead cross-react to blood vessel walls?

Answer 30

(Molecular mimicry)

Question 31

What two things are released by neutrophils that are triggered by antibodies?

Answer 31

(Chemokines that attract more neutrophils and reactive oxygen species)

Question 32

What occurs subsequently to the narrowing of the affected vessel’s lumen due to occlusion with inflammatory cells, thrombosis, hyperplasia, and/or fibrosis if chronic? Two answers.

Answer 32

(Tissue ischemia and organ dysfunction)

Question 33

What is vasculitis in large animals usually secondary to? Three very general answers.

Answer 33

(Infectious, toxic, or neoplastic diseases)

Question 34

What mucous membrane clinical signs can be due to vasculitis? Four answers.

Answer 34

(Hyperemia, petechiae, ecchymoses, and ulceration)

Question 35

What are three adverse sequelae of vasculitis in large animals? Specific inflammatory diseases.

Answer 35

(Cellulitis, thrombophlebitis, and laminitis)

Question 36

What is the most common clinical sign that horses present with when they have vasculitis?

Answer 36

(Edema)

Question 37

What are the four specific diseases/infections resulting in vasculitis in equine patients?

Answer 37

(Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Strep equi → purpura hemorrhagica, equine viral arteritis, and equine infectious anemia)

Question 38

What is the most common cause of vasculitis in bovine patients?

Answer 38

(Malignant catarrhal fever)

Question 39

What is the most common cause of vasculitis in ovine patients?

Answer 39

(Bluetongue)

Question 40

What abnormal values indicate chronic inflammation on bloodwork?

Answer 40

(Neutrophilia, mild anemia, hyperglobulinemia, and hyperfibrinogenemia)

Question 41

How is vasculitis definitively diagnosed?

Answer 41

(Biopsy and histopathology of affected blood vessels)

Question 42

What drugs are used to treat vasculitis?

Answer 42

(Corticosteroids +/- other immunosuppressives)

Question 43

What is lymphangitis?

Answer 43

(A form of vasculitis that affects the lymphatics)

Question 44

Where does lymphangitis most often occur in the body?

Answer 44

(In a limb)