Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiovascular > Large Animal Cardiovascular Disease > Flashcards

Large Animal Cardiovascular Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are the causes of pericardial disease in large animals?

A 
Septic pericarditis
Idiopathic
Primary bacterial pericarditis
Neoplasia (uncommon)
Viral (uncommon)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What might cause a septic pericarditis in large animals?

A

Traumatic and embolic causes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which species is idiopathic pericardial disease most common in?

A

Horses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In which species is primary pericardial disease most common in?

A

Pigs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Explain the pathogenesis of traumatic pericarditis…

A
  1. Ingestion of wire which forces through wall of recticulum into pericardal sace
  2. Septic fluid, fibrous cheesy exudate, adhesions and gas occur in the pericardial sac
  3. May also have reticular abscess, liver abscess and peritonitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the early clinical signs of traumatic pericarditis?

A

Fever, anorexia, depression
Cranial abdominal, reticular and/or thoracic pain
+ Stands with elbows abducted
+ Reluctance to move

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the later signs for traumatic pericarditis?

A

RH heart failure
Venous congestion
Peripheral oedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What clinical signs would you see during a CVS exam with traumatic pericarditis?

A 
Tachycardia
Muffled heart sounds
\+/- splashing murmurs
Venous distension
Raised jugular pulse
Weak pulses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do you diagnosis traumatic pericarditis?

A

Clinical signs
Pericardiocentesis
Cytology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the treatment for traumatic pericarditis?

A

Most are culled

Surgical removal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do you prevent traumatic pericarditis?

A

Magnets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where may lymphoma masses develop in the heart of a cow? What signs might you see?

A

Right atrial wall - jugular distension

Pericardial infiltration -pericaridal effusion, CHF, cytology neoplastic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What pathogens cause pericarditis in pigs? What are the clinical signs?

A

Haemophilus parasuis (Glasser’s) and Strep suis

CS:
Fever
Depression
Fibrinous polyserositis 
Effusions in CNS, pleura, peritoneum, synova
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the aetiology of pericardial effusions in horses.

A 
Majority - Idiopathic
Minority - Pericarditis due to:
- Equine Viral Arteritis
- Equine Influenza
- Step pneumoniae
- E coli
- Actinobacillus equuli

CS is a fibrinous effusion and treatment is penicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the clinical signs of a pericardial effusion in horses?

A

Venous distension
Ventral oedema
Muffled heart sound
Dyspneoa, dullness on percussion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How would you diagnose pericardial effusion in horses?

A

Echocardiography
ECG
Cytology of pericardial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the treatment for pericardial effusion in horses?

A

Repeated pericardial drainage and lavage alongside ABs

18
Q

What is the prognosis for horses with pericardial effusions?

A

Good provided treatment is early and aggressive

19
Q

Why does bacterial endocarditis occur in:
Ruminants
Horses

A

Secondary to bacteraemia

  1. Common in ruminants
    - Liver abscess, traumatic reticulitis, metritis, mastitis, navel abscess, joint ill
  2. Uncommon in horses
    - Site of sepsis not identified or septic jugular thombophlebitis
20
Q

Why is prompt treatment of bacterial endocarditis necessary?

A

Large proliferative ‘vegetative’ lesions may develop, limiting prospects for valve function to return to normal.

21
Q

What are the causative organisms and areas of heart affected by bacterial endocarditis in:

a. Ruminants
b. Horses
c. Pigs

A

Organisms

a. Enterococci, step, actinomyces pyogenes
b. Pasteurella, actinobacillus, strep, rhodococcus equi
c. Staph aureus, actinobacillus suis, erysipelothrix

Areas:

a. Tricuspid + pulmonic valves
b. Mainly mitral and aortic, tricuspid only after jugular thrombophlebitis
c. Mitral, aortic

22
Q

What are the clinical signs of bacterial endocarditis in LAs?

A

Congestive heart failure with murmur
Fever
Tachycardia
Tachypneoa

23
Q

What do lab diagnostic tests show with bacterial endocarditis?

A

Hyperfibrinogenaemia, anaemia and leucocytosis

Blood culture

24
Q

What is the treatment for bacterial endocarditis in LAs?

A

Broad spectrum ABs based on sensitivity

Treatment in farm animals not usually viable

25
Q

What is the prognosis of bacterial endocarditis in LAs?

A

Guarded as permanent structural damage. Septic emboli may have shed to distant sites

26
Q

What is cor pulmonale?

A

Hypertrophy, dilation and ultimately failure of right ventricle resulting from pulmonary hypertension

27
Q

What are the causes of pulmonary hypertension that leads to cor pulmonale?

A

Pulmonary disease

Pulmonary vasculature disease

28
Q

What is the pathogenesis of cor pulmonale?

A
  1. High altitude/chronic resp disease/acidosis
  2. Alveolar hypoxia
  3. Pulmonary vasoconstriction
  4. Pulmonary hypertension
  5. Right ventricle failure
29
Q

What is the clinical disease seen in cor pulmonale?

A

Cattle with severe chronic respiratory disease
Doesn’t occur in horses
Clinical signs of heart failure
Prognosis usually hopeless

30
Q

What is the pathogenesis of EIPH?

A
  1. Pulmonary haemorrhage during strenuous exercise
  2. Volume varies from local pulmonary, trace of tracheal, copious tracheal, epistaxis
  3. Haemorrhage from pulmonary, not bronchial vessels
  4. Typically originates in caudodorsal lung lobes
31
Q

Describe effect of exercise on CO and pulmonary vascular pressures in horses

A

Increase CO and pulmonary vascular pressure 5-10 fold.

32
Q

What is the failure point of equine pulmonary capillaries?

A

75-100mmHg

33
Q

What are the caudodorsal lobes affected with EIPH?

A

Higher blood flow (low intrinsic resistance)
Displacement of diaphragm causes transient falls in alveolar pressure
Mechanical forces transmitted to lung greatest in caudodorsal loves

34
Q

What are predisposing factors for EIPH?

A 
Young TBs
Increases with ages
Conditions increasing pulmonary vascular pressure
\+ LRT disease e.g. asthma
\+ URT obstruction
\+ Cardiac disease
35
Q

What is the clinical significance of EIPH?

A

60-70% of horses endoscopically +ve following racing

<5% have epistaxis

36
Q

What are the clinical signs of EIPH?

A 
Often none
Poor performance
Sudden onset exercise limitation
Swallowing after exercise
Epistaxis
Other RT and CVS signs
37
Q

How is EIPH diagnosed?

A 
Clinical signs
Endoscopy
BAL
Radiography
Sctintigraphy
38
Q

What is seen on radiography of an EIPH horse?

A

Localised regions of interstitial opacity in caudodorsal in lobes due to chronic bleeding
Bronchial pattern

39
Q

How do you manage EIPH cases?

A

Identify and treat underlying predisposing factors
Break haemorhage-inflammation cycle
+ Modify training
+ Dust free environment
+ Furosemide (reduces pulomary capillary pressures)

40
Q

What medication can be used for EIPH?

A

Furosemide (reduces circulating volume and weight)

Vasodilators

41
Q

What is the prognosis for EIPH?

A

Good if spontaneous and minimal impact on performance with resp infection or predisposing factor identified

Poor for idiopathic bleeders with performance limitations.

Cardiovascular (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions