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Locomotor > Large Animal > Flashcards

Large Animal Flashcards

1
Q

What are the proposed aetiologies for a sole ulcer?

A

Loss of laminar suspension around calving. Loss of fat pad. Long standing times. Laminitis and drop/rotated PIII. Poor foot angle. Sole overgrowth. Bone exostoses. Inflamm in closed compartment. Soft claws and heel erosion

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2
Q

What are the possible sequelae to a sole ulcer?

A

Synovitis, tenosynovitis, heel abscess, rupture of DDF insertion on PIII, osteitis, chronic infection w/ DD, scarring and likely recurrence, new bone formation on PIII, fat necrosis/ steatitis, deep digital sepsis leading to claw amputation or culling

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3
Q

What are the proposed aetiologies for white line dz?

A

Biotin deficiency. Soft claws during high rainfall. Loss of fat pad. Thin soles. Over trimming. Rough, stoney tracks. Bruising from long standing times. Sharp turns on concrete. Pushing and shoving

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4
Q

What are the possible sequelae to white line dz?

A

Wall ulcers. Under-run sole or side wall. Unlikely to produce deep digital sepsis. Scarring and recurrence

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5
Q

What are the proposed aetiologies for toe necrosis?

A

Treponemes invading from coronary band in interdigital space. Treponemes gaining entry through over-trimmed toes

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6
Q

What are the possible sequelae to toe necrosis?

A

Chronic infection and severe under-run. Heel-first gait. Stretched tendons. Cross-infections

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7
Q

What are the proposed aetiologies for foot foul?

A

Fusobacterium necophorum

Ingress through macerated skin and/wounds in the interdigital space

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8
Q

What are the possible sequelae to foot foul?

A

Interdigital hyperplasia. Axial wall and sole under-run (like sheep w/ scald/ foot rot). Superfoul- peracute, mixed bacterial infection, usually shot on farm

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9
Q

What are the 3 most common foot problems treated in dairy?

A

Sole ulcer, white line disease, digital dermatitis

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10
Q

What is a lameness score of 0?

A

Walks w/ even weight bearing and rhythm on all 4 feet, w/ a flat back. Long fluid strides

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11
Q

What is a lameness score of 1?

A

Steps uneven (rhythm or weight bearing) or strides shortened. Affected limbs(s) not immediately identifiable

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12
Q

What is a lameness score of 2?

A

Uneven weight bearing on a limb that is immediately identifiable and /or obviously shortened strides (usually w/ an arch to centre of back)

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13
Q

What is a lameness score of 3?

A

Unable to keep up with health herd, uneven weight bearing on a limb that is immediately identifiable and /or obviously shortened strides

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14
Q

What is the most common site for the cause of lameness?

A

88%- feet
92% of feet problems in hind feet
65% of hind feet problems in lateral claw

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15
Q

What is the first step in treating a cow w/ lameness due to feet?

A

Thoroughly clean foot- disinfectant and trim if necc. Can use dutch 5 step technique.

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16
Q

What is the dutch 5-step technique for foot trimming?

A

1- Create an angle of 52 degrees by trimming the toe and the sole
2- Create balance between claws
3- Transfer weight from sole onto the wall, toe and heel
4- Remove weight from a painful claw- trim back 2/3 of painful claw depth or apply block to healthy claw
5- Remove loose or sharp horn

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17
Q

Which toe should you start with when trimming feet?

A

The most normal claw. Inner hind claw, outer fore claw

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18
Q

What should you look for when examining the lame foot?

A

Visible lesions on sole, wall, heel and skin. Heat. Pain w/ hoof testers and finger pressure on soft tissues. Feel and look between claws. Softening at heel or coronary band. Swelling above coronary band or in heel. Redness. Odour

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19
Q

How should you approach a sole ulcer?

A

Treat early. Dutch 5 step trim. Abx. NSAIDs. Nursing and clean yard. Promote wound healing.

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20
Q

What causes a sole ulcer?

A

Controversial. Doesn’t appear to be directly due to acidosis. Most stem from environmental conditions. BCS and claw horn GRs may be important in pathogenesis. Biotin may improve claw horn quality and reduce white line lesions. High dry matter will reduce claw horn lesions but most likely due to drier dung

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21
Q

How should you treat white line disease?

A

Drain pus. Pare out to allow good drainage. Cut away dead horn (sharp knife to avoid cutting corium). Apply block. NSAIDs esp if localised swelling of corium. Apply abx (oxytetracycline spray). Good px unless infected w/ treponemes

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22
Q

How does white line disease present?

A

Diseased horn affecting junction between sole and wall incl bruising (haemorrhage), separation (fissure), abscessation and ulceration

23
Q

What is the proposed white line pathogenesis?

A

Poor horn quality? Wet conditions? Stones? Loss of BCS? Thin soles? Turns? But biotin supplementation is protective

24
Q

How is digital dermatitis scored?

A

M1- ulcerative 2cm
M3- regressing (recovery)
M4.1- reactivating
M4- hyperkeratotic

25
Q

What is the tx for M1 digital dermatitis?

A

Clean, dry, topical oxytetracycline spray (3 consecutive days)

26
Q

What is the tx for M2 digital dermatitis?

A

Clean, dry, debride w/ gauze/paper towel, topical oxytetracycline spray (3 consecutive days)- consider bandaging with abx agent

27
Q

What is the tx for M3 digital dermatitis?

A

Clean, dry, topical oxytetracycline spray (3 consecutive days)

28
Q

What is the tx for M4 digital dermatitis?

A

Clean, debride/ debulk (under local as necc), bandage w/ abx

29
Q

What are effective herd interventions for DD?

A

Footbathing. Slurry management

30
Q

What is foul?

A

Acute bacterial infection of the SC tissues- symmetrical swelling, separation of the claws, interdigital skin necrosis w/ pungent odour. Often associated w/ FB or sand between claws. Super-foul is a severe peracute form, possibly involving mixed bacterial infections.

31
Q

How is foul treated?

A

Clean/ debride interdigital space. Disinfect. Licensed injectable abx

32
Q

What is corkscrew claw?

A

Bony swelling deep to abaxial coronary band is diagnostic. Don’t confuse w/ gross claw overgrowth. Reshape foot as best as poss.

33
Q

What should you consider before surgical amputation of claw/ digit?

A

Has she got a sound medial claw? Is she placing the foot normally, not back of heel?- damaged tendons (laxity, still problems post sx). Sound on other feet? Barren? Can the farm cope w/ aftercare

34
Q

How do you prepare a cow for amputation surgery?

A

Abx. Analgesia. Anaesthesia (IV regional)- tourniquet, buttery, 20ml procaine (lignocaine not licensed). Test interdigital space (+local if needed)

35
Q

How do you perform a claw amputation on a cow?

A

Parenteral abx. NSAIDs and IVRA. Prep. Incise into interdigital space ~2-3cm, skin fold. Embryotomy wire- up then obliquely outwards. Curette and remove excess tissue. Melolin and pressure dressing. Redress every 48hr, 96hr, 7d then leave open. Block on unaffected digit

36
Q

What is the cause of arthritis in piglets and how do they present?

A

Sporadic opportunist infection in individuals (E.coli, staph, strep)- through wounds. Group outbreaks caused by strep suis. 2d-weaning. Can’t stand, dog sitting. Enlarged joints- hot and painful. Death- starved, laid upon.

37
Q

What is the diagnosis and treatment for arthritis in piglets?

A

Bacteriology from discharge or PM material. Tx- penicillin, ampicillin, lincomycin, ketoprofen, euthanasia if no response

38
Q

What are the most common causes of lameness in grower pigs?

A

Injury, osteochondrosis dessicans, pantothenic acid def (rare), infectious (mycoplasma hyosynoviae, mycoplasma hyopneumoniae). Dx- hx, PE, PM, paired serology. Tx for infectious- tiamulin, tylosin, lincomycin

39
Q

What are the most common causes of lameness in adult pigs?

A

Physical lameness- cartilaginous pathology (osteochondrosis, osteochondritis, dyschondroplasia, DJD). Infectious arthritis- erysipelas, mycoplasma. Septic laminitis- bush foot due to bacterial infection- tx lincomycin and NSAIDs.

40
Q

What are the most likely ddx of sudden onset lameness in pigs w/ no visible abnormalities?

A

Acute leg weakness OCD, fractures, trauma

41
Q

What are the most likely ddx of gradual onset lameness in pigs w/ no visible abnormalities?

A

Erysipelas, mycoplasma arthritis, leg weakness OCD

42
Q

What are the most likely ddx of sudden onset lameness in pigs w/ visible abnormalities?

A

Erysipelas, strep

43
Q

What are the most likely ddx of gradual onset lameness in pigs w/ visible abnormalities?

A

Bush foot, erysipelas, glassers disease, mycoplasma arthritis, vesicular diseases

44
Q

What are the 6 lesions which cause lameness in sheep?

A

Scald (fusobacterium necrophorum in faeces, white, pungent smell), foot rot (d.nodosus, underunning of one/both claws, hoof pulling away from chorion), CODD (treponemes), shelly hoof (hoof an toes abscess, responds to foot trimming), toe granuloma (largely caused by famers foot trimming), abscess

45
Q

What do treponemes cause?

A

Digital dermatitis in cattle. Much more severe in sheep- CODD- degloving of whole claw

46
Q

How should footrot be managed?

A

Should be managed w/ scald as 1 dz. Early tx w/ parenteral abx and topic spray. No foot trimming. Wherever possible separate affected from unaffected

47
Q

What determines the risk of scald progressing to footrot?

A

Presence of d.nodosus on the farm. Virulence and dose of d.nodosus. Susceptibility of sheep. Whether sheep treated promptly before separation of the hoof horn occurs.

48
Q

How does d.nodosus affect sheep?

A

Present on >90% sheep farms. Lives up to 7-10d on pasture (esp warm, moist conditions). Lives up to 6wks in hoof clippings. Infected sheep are main reservoir.

49
Q

What is the tx for footrot?

A

Clean foot, oxytetracycline spray, long acting parenteral abx (oxytetracycline, amoxicillin), allow sheep to stand on clean concrete. Clean up area. Ideally isolate for 14d. 90% recover in 5d.

50
Q

What is the tx for scald?

A

Ewes- as w/ footrot. Lambs- oxytet spray, stand in clean area, re-spray 5d if necc. Group outbreaks- footbath, turnout into clean field, retreat sheep still lame after 5d

51
Q

What is the recommendation for culling with lame sheep?

A

If still lame after 2 tx
If 2 episodes of lameness
If mishapened claws

52
Q

What is the practise for footbathing in sheep?

A

10% ZnSO4 or 3% formalin. NOT cuSO4- v susceptible to Cu toxicity (any risk of drinking it)
Stand sheep in Zn for >2m. Stand sheep for 1hr afterwards. Turn into a field rested for >14d

53
Q

What is the tx for CODD?

A

Same treponemes as bovine DD. Use tilmicosin. Foothbath w/ lincomycin or tylosin.

54
Q

What is the medical treatment options for DJD?

A 
NSAIDs
Intrarticular corticosteroids
Other analgesia
GAGs
Sodium hyaluronate
Supplements- chondroitin sulphate, glucosamine
IL-1 R antagonist protein
Tiludronate

Locomotor (4 decks)

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