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LARE Construction Documentation and Admin > LAREPrep Construction Documentation & Administration > Flashcards

LAREPrep Construction Documentation & Administration Flashcards

1
Q

General Contract Method

A

A contract drawn between the owner and general contractor. Owner usually represented by a firm. Two contracts formed: one with designer and one with contractor. Can sometimes lead to an adversarial relationship between contractors and sub contractors.

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2
Q

Brokerage Method

A

When a contractor subcontracts all the work on a project. Not beneficial to the owner because it gets messy.

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3
Q

Describe the
Separate Contracts Method (Multiple Prime Contracts Method)

A

The general contract method without the general contractor. Owner has in-house skillset and employs architect/engineer. Each consultant/contractor communicates directly with owner.

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4
Q

Self Performance Method

A

In-house approach. No contracts written for construction project. Owner provides everything from employees to design to materials and labor. Designers take minor role. Good for small scope projects.

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5
Q

Design Build Method

A

A single contract for both the design and construction of a project. Contractor is also responsible for the design of the project. Popular for industrial design. Less disputes with this method and projects built faster.

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6
Q

Professional Construction Management Method

A

Owner Hires a firm that also manages construction management services on owner’s behalf. The CM is working for the benefit of the owner. CM gives owner a GMP.

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7
Q

Construction Manager at Risk Approach

A

Established CM as independent contractor. CM is responsible to the owner to completed project by specified date and within budget. CM must compensate when extra things happen. CM hires all sub contractors.

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8
Q

Cost Plus Fixed Fee Contract (used within a basic contracting method)

A

The contractor is reimbursed for specified incurred costs, with additional allowance provided for overhead and profit.

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9
Q

Proprietorship

A

A business owned by an individual. All earnings are taxed to the individual business owner. Proprietorships are often required to obtain licenses to preform work in certain municipalities. Can be discontinued at will at any time.

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10
Q

Partnership

A

Two or more people, joined to conduct business as a single entity. Can be dissolved sue to a deadline in a contract, the death of a partner, bankruptcy, mutual agreement of expulsion of a partner due to just cause.

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11
Q

Silent Partner

A

A person who is a partner in a firm but remains unknown to the public.

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12
Q

Limited Partnership

A

A person contributes cash or property to a partnership and shares in the profits and losses. Provides no services and cannot vote on matters.

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13
Q

Joint Venture

A

Temporary partnership between two or more firms for the purpose of completing a project. usually happens when a project is large or complex.

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14
Q

Corporation

A

A form or business that is separate from the owners. Can be owned by stockholders but the stockholders aren’t legally responsible for the legal or financial desicions.

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15
Q

S-Corporation

A

Income, losses, deductions, and credits flow through to the shareholders, partners or members. They then report these items on their personal tax return.

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16
Q

What does a prime consultant take initiative in when facilitating meetings?

A
  • Scheduling time and place
  • Preparing a meeting agenda
  • Ensuring the participants are aware of any deliverable related to the meeting
  • Taking meeting minutes
  • Following up with key attendees and the owner/client after the meeting to plan next steps
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17
Q

What are the four basic contracting methods?

A
  • General contract method
  • Design-build
  • Separate contracts method
  • Self-performance
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18
Q

An Agency or Agency Agreement

A

Agreement between a principal and an agent, agent acts on behalf of principal.

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19
Q

What ways can an agency agreement be terminated?

A
  • Death of principal or agent
  • A deadline
  • Bankruptcy
  • Fundamental changes such as mutual agreement to terminate, unilateral (one-sided) action on behalf of the agent or principal, destruction/termination of the subject matter (the project) for which the agreement was formed
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20
Q

Estoppel

A

A principal by which the contract becomes binding in spite of the fact that no formal agreement was made between the parties concerned. A court decision that says the agreement exists based on the behavior or actions of one party.

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21
Q

Mediation

A

Voluntary method of resolving disputes between client and landscape architect. Led by third party, not legally binding or court enforceable.

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22
Q

Arbitration

A

Led by a third party, leads to an outcome that cannot be repealed, can end up being “binding arbitration” which is court enforceable.

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23
Q

Partnering

A

A preventative process that addresses potential conflicts before they occur. Parties are led through a series of team building sessions by a facilitator.

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24
Q

Comprehensive general liability insurance

A

Comprehensive General Liability coverage provides protection against bodily injury and property damage claims arising from the operations of a contractor or tenant. This type of policy provides coverage for premises and operations, use of independent contractors, and products and completed operations.

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25
Q

Umbrella Excess Liability Coverage

A

Used to extend the limit of liability coverage beyond the typical limits.

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26
Q

Professional Liability Insurance

A

AKA errors and omissions insurance, purchased to protect a firm from claims of negligence or failing to preform their professional duties. Contractors generally dont get this.

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27
Q

Builder’s Risk Insurance

A

Protects general contractor from fires or other damages over the course of construction. Not the owners responsibility to obtain it.

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28
Q

Certificate of Insurance

A

The contractor provides the owner with this. Proof that contractor/consultant has obtained insurance.

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29
Q

Lien

A

Legal claim made on a property due to an unpaid debt. whoever filed the lien remains in possession of the property until the debt is paid.

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30
Q

Mechanics Lien

A

Permits workers and material suppliers to place a claim on a property in the case that they are not paid by a contractor.

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31
Q

Tax Lien

A

Used by the government to retain possession of a property until the taxes have been paid.

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32
Q

Eminent Domain

A

The right of the federal government or state or public agency to take possession of private property and appropriate it for public use. Sometimes referred to as condemnation.

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33
Q

Tort

A

a wrongful act or an infringement of a right (other than under contract) leading to civil legal liability.

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34
Q

List the four conditions for a tort to occur:

A
  • One party must owe another party a duty
  • There must be a breach of performance of that duty
  • Someone must be harmed by this breach
  • There must be a clear relationship between the harm suffered and the breach of performance
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35
Q

Libel and Slander

A

A tort that can be made due to libel (defamatory statements) and slander (spoken defamatory statements).

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36
Q

Attractive Nuisance Doctrine

A

A tort that happens when a trespasser is a child and gets injured on a property, and that the owner could have reduced the risk of a potential child trespasser through measured not enacted.

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37
Q

Negligence

A

Failure on the part of one person to exercise sufficient care to protect the health and safety of another person. Landscape architects can get in trouble for this through design.

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38
Q

Contingent Liability

A

An injured third party is not affected by a contract between two parties. A passerby injured by a contractor working on an owner’s project, the passerby could sue the owner even if the contractor is directly responsible.

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39
Q

Statue of Limitations

A

The maximum time after an event within which legal action may be initiated against another party. generally 6-10 years for most construction related issues.

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40
Q

List the construction typical drawing percentages and what is shown at each percentage.

A

0% - Sheet size and titleblock
25% - Drawings have been started, but everything is in progress.
50% - Plans, section, details are drawn, but dimensions and callouts are incomplete.
90% - Drawings are complete, pending QAQC check comments.
100% - Drawings are complete and have completed the firms QAQC process.

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41
Q

Constructability Review

A

An audit review process where contract documents are reviewed to identify potential construction related problems and suggest improvements on how to streamline the construction process. Could include anything from material costs, equipment use, site limitations.

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42
Q

Value Engineering

A

Used to see if construction costs and duration can be maintained or improved through replacement of materials, adjusting size and spacing of plants, removing unnecessary site furnishings, etc.

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43
Q

List the three primary purposes of construction documents:

A
  • Obtain accurate bids for construction
  • Obtain permits
  • Guide construction
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44
Q

List the six elements of construction contract documents:

A
  1. Construction contract
  2. Design drawings
  3. Bidding documents
  4. General conditions
  5. Supplementary conditions
  6. Technical specifications

(Items 3-6 can also be condensed and are usually called the project manual)

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45
Q

What is a CLARB rule for the relationship between construction drawings and specs?

A

Information should NEVER be duplicated. (Don’t call a 10’x15’ concrete area: 10’x15’ concrete area in specs. Call the size out on the plans and label it “Concrete Type 1” in the plans and specs to avoid missing updates if a change is required.

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46
Q

What are the four main reasons for coordination between disciplines during CDs?

A
  • Ensuring consistent and complete systems and design elements
  • Verifying that information in one set of CDs is supported in other CDs
  • Elimination of two or more different items showing in one location
  • Pointing out areas that appear to be missing sufficient information
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47
Q

What directly precedes CDs?

A

Design Development. An initial mockup of the CDs will be created during DD.

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48
Q

What are the five elements established in DD?

A
  • Document set organization
  • Sheet layout and content
  • Detail names and numbering
  • Drawing notations and conventions
  • Specification format and organization
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49
Q

What are the eight steps of construction activities?

A
  • Preliminary surveying
  • Site Protection
  • Clearing, grubbing and demo
  • Topsoil stripping and stockpiling
  • Rough grading
  • Finish grading
  • Installation of site improvements
  • Planting and seeding
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50
Q

What takes place during preliminary surveying?

A

Survey of property boundaries, roadway geometry, limit of construction, stockpiling areas, other major dimensions.

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51
Q

What takes place during site protection?

A

Tree protection, temporary transplanting, erosion control, protection of existing site elements to remain.

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52
Q

What takes place during clearing, grubbing and demo?

A

Anything marked to be demolished, abandoned or relocated takes place.

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53
Q

What takes place during topsoil stripping and stockpiling?

A

The contractor removes and stockpiles all topsoil in areas that will be graded.

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54
Q

What happens during rough grading?

A

The contractor will cut, fill and grade the site such that all subgrade surfaces are prepared. Trenching for utilities occurs during this. Rough grading meets 6”-12” accuracy.

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55
Q

What takes place during finish grading?

A

Contractor will stake out and re-survey the finished geometries and elevations in key areas, these areas are then graded to a finer tolerance between 1”-3”.

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56
Q

What happens during installation of site improvements?

A

Contractor installs pavements, hardscape surfaces, irrigation and lighting, site furnishings and amenities.

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57
Q

What happens during planting and seeding?

A

Contractor puts in all plant material.

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58
Q

What are the six discipline’s construction document sets and their order?

A
  • Civil Engineering
  • Landscape Architectural
  • Electrical/Lighting
  • Mechanical Engineering
  • Architectural
  • Structural Engineering
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59
Q

What are the four drawing conventions to conform to?

A
  • Provide north arrow and title block
  • Draw to a common scale and label the drawing scale
  • Draw similar plans to the same scale and orientation
  • Use consistent terminology, lineweights and symbols, and notations
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60
Q

What are three conventions to follow with elevation and detail drawings?

A
  • Place dimensions on the left and notes on the right
  • Put standard details at the beginning of the sequence
  • keep details of a given element (shade structure) on the same sheet
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61
Q

What is a cover sheet set number?

A

A number used when contractor pricing or bidding is anticipated, numbers registered with bidders

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62
Q

What is on a cover sheet?

A

Set number, vicinity map, project location map, general project info, date of issuance, identification numbers, sheet index, licensure stamp

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63
Q

What is included in the general project information?

A

Project team, project title, site address

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64
Q

What is on the general information sheet?

A

General notes, abbreviations list, graphic legend

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65
Q

What are series-specific notes?

A

Typically only will appear on the plan sheets they are intended to address

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66
Q

What are the four things to know about CD notes?

A

Notes are general, notes outline general standards, notes are not specifications, notes are explicit and well delineated

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67
Q

What is the format of a technical specification?

A
  • General (stipulates ground rules and scope of work)
  • Product of products (describes product, materials, equipment, components, fixtures) and manufacturing process
  • Execution (describes prep, workmanship, installation, quality requirements)
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68
Q

Describe the three types of technical specs

A
  • Design Specifications (Material or workmanship specs, addresses methods and materials)
  • Performance Specification (Only provides guidance related to the technical performance, ex: 3,000 psi)
  • Closed and Proprietary Specifications (Requires a specific item or system, used to ensure that only products of a particular type is used) (Proprietary Spec states what is to be provided without alternatives)
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69
Q

List the order of the twelve CSI (Construction Specifications Institute) specs

A
  • 00 General Project Requirements
  • 01 General Requirements
  • 02 Existing Conditions
  • 03 Concrete
  • 04 Masonry
  • 05 Metals
  • 06 Wood, Plastics and Composites
  • 09 Finishes
  • 12 Furnishings
  • 31 Earthwork
  • 32 Exterior Improvements
  • 33 Utilities
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70
Q

What is an or equal/or approved equal specification?

A

A modified proprietary specification.

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71
Q

Define a reference specification

A

Introduces established tests or formal procedures into design or performance specs. It assures the work conforms to an industry accepted test criteria.

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72
Q

Define a standard specification

A

An entire set of technical specs that have been developed by the owner. Once developed they can be used across many projects.

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73
Q

What are the six parts of a bid document? (to contractors)

A
  • Notice to bidders
  • Instructions to Bidders
  • Bid Form
  • Contract Form
  • Specifications
  • Project-specific attachments and exhibits
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74
Q

What are the four parts of a project manual?

A
  • Bidding docs
  • General conditions
  • Supplementary provisions
  • Technical specifications
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75
Q

What are the general conditions within a project manual?

A

Rules under which a project will be built and contains boilerplate language that established the rights, authority and obligations of the contracting parties.

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76
Q

What are the supplementary provisions within a project manual?

A

AKA special provisions or special conditions, they are more specific for the job being constructed.

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77
Q

What prevails when a conflict occurs between drawn specifications and written specifications?

A

Written specifications.

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78
Q

List the four parts of the bidding process

A

Invitation to bid
The bidding period
Bid Review
Award of the bid

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79
Q

What is in the notice to bid?

A
  • Project description
  • Construction timeline
  • Bonding requirements
  • Terms of payment
  • Requirements regarding wages and equal employment
  • How when and where to place bids
  • Deposit required to obtain CDs
  • Location to obtain the contract documents
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80
Q

When does an Addenda take place?

A

During the bidding process.

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81
Q

What is in a contractor’s bid form? (what contractors provide)

A
  • Base Bid Price
  • Alternates
  • Time of completion
  • Bid surety agreement
  • Qualifications
  • Signature of certification
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82
Q

Balanced vs. Unbalanced Bid

A

Balanced: costs are accurately reflected
Unbalanced: Costs loaded different for contractors benefit

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83
Q

When does a regular bid occur?

A

During a contractor’s post qualification

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84
Q

What takes precedence: plans or schedules during the bidding process?

A

Schedule/Legend

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85
Q

What is the range of contingency in a contractors bid?

A

5-10%, sometimes up to 20% if high risk

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86
Q

Describe a lump sum /fixed price contract:

A

Requires contractor to complete a scope of work for a mutually agreed upon and fixed budget. Can be altered by change orders. Most common contract.

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87
Q

Describe a Unit Price Contract:

A

Establishes pricing for each unit of work or materials related to the proposed scope of work. Based off of units. Used in projects with well defined methods but uncertain scope.

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88
Q

Describe a Cost-Plus Contract:

A

Allows for reimbursement of construction expenses plus a predetermined fee for overhead and profit. Doesn’t give the owner a fixed idea of the total price. Rarely used in public sector

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89
Q

Where would you find construction means and methods?

A

When the contract documents outline specific compliance for means and methods. Contractor no longer liable for damages occurring through compliance.

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90
Q

Describe a surety bond:

A

Between three parties:

  • Surety ( the bond company)
  • The principal debtor (the party whose performance is guaranteed)
  • The obliee (the part to whom the promise of the principal’s performance is made. The obligee is the beneficiary of the bond.
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91
Q

Describe a Bid Bond:

A

Provides the owner with an assurance that the contractor will enter into a binding construction contract and will provide the required payment and performance bonds if the contract is awarded to them. Bid bonds usually being 5% of the contract amount.

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92
Q

Describe Performance Bonds:

A

Assures that a financially responsible party stands behind the work of the contractor if the contractor doesn’t act according to the contract requirements. Valid for the duration of a project contract.

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93
Q

Describe a payment bond:

A

Used to guarantee that the contractor will pay their subcontractors and suppliers and helps to protect the owner against liens from any aggravated parties. Valid for the duration of a project contract.

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94
Q

What two bonds are not required for a public project?

A

Payment bond
performance bond

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95
Q

Three parts of the construction process:

A
  • Pre-Con (Kickoff Meeting)
  • Construction Admin
  • Project Closeout
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96
Q

What is a project work plan:

A

(PWP) is an organizational framework plan for how and in what sequence things are to happen. Outlines scope of service, communication hierarchy, standards.

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97
Q

What happens when landscape architects preform inspections and submittals?

A

They use the stamp and signature for approval, revise and resubmit, etc.

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98
Q

What does an RFI stand for?

A

Request for Information. Only communicate with the contractor and never the contractor’s workers

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99
Q

What are the three things change orders do?

A
  • Directs the contractor to alter some portion of the design
  • Considered a modification of the existing contract between contractor and owner
  • Always have a cost impact
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100
Q

What happens in situations where an owner-approved change has no impact on timeline or budget?

A

A field change or a field order (same thing) happens. For the LARE, all field orders MUST be issued by the landscape architect and approved by the owner. They are sometimes called an ASI (Architects Supplemental Instruction)

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101
Q

Describe a shop drawing:

A

Detailed drawings from subcontractor to show how something will be fabricated and or installed. Will be reviewed by project design team, can be used to confirm things were made and installed properly.

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102
Q

Describe a field report:

A

Summary of the landscape architect’s observations at the construction site, notes, issues occurred and any remedial issues taken by the contractor.

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103
Q

What does the clerk of works do?

A

responsible for verifying quantities of material delivered to the construction site, confirms work is being carried out properly, and that health and safety rules are being followed.

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104
Q

Describe schedule of values:

A

a cost item breakdown that allocates value for the project scope described in the contract between the owner and contractor. Used to review progress payments between the two. Items too small to list are incidental items, their cost is added to another line item.

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105
Q

What is acceleration?

A

Occurs when the contractor must hire additional workers to meet a deadline.

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106
Q

What is backcharging?

A

backcharging provisions in a contract allow a party member to recover expenses incurred when the other party fails to act according to the language outlined in the contract.

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107
Q

What is active interference?

A

Occurs when the owner directly interferes with the work of the contractor, causing damages or delays. If proven, the contractor can be released from responsibility from damages related.

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108
Q

Describe liquidated damages:

A

Provides compensation to the owner for financial losses resulted from delayed completion. Assessed for every working day that a project extends beyond the end date in the contract.

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109
Q

What is retainage?

A

withheld from payments to the contractor and then released back after addressing all punch list items upon completion. 5-10% of the payment is typical.

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110
Q

What are the four parts of a project closeout?

A
  • Substantial completion and owner occupancy
  • The punch list
  • As-Built Drawings
  • Final completion
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111
Q

Describe substantial completion:

A

When the owner can occupy it, and it is deemed ready for its intended use. The owner can no longer assess liquidated damages and can only withhold the costs of repairing or completing punchlist items. Most contracts state warranty periods begin upon substantial completion.

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112
Q

Who issues a certificate of occupancy?

A

A government agency, substantial completion is usually determined by the owner/owners representative. The issuance of this certificate is the difference between substantial completion and owner occupancy.

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113
Q

Describe final completion:

A

All work is fully and finally completed in accordance with the construction documents. Reached when all liens have been released against the project and all punchlists are complete. Represents last opportunity for any non-warranty related aspect of the project to be addressed by the owner. Retainages are paid out to the contractor.

114
Q

List the 4 primary activities that happen before site grading:

A
  • Protection of vegetation and existing site features
  • Topsoil removal and storage
  • Erosion and sediment control
  • Clearing and demolition
115
Q

What are the ways to protect a site?

A
  • Clearly mark areas to be protected for stockpiling on all site protection plans
  • Protection areas should never be used to store materials, machinery or other construction elements.
  • Make protection areas where they don’t affect movement of machinery or activities on site
  • Enclose areas with a 6 ft tall chain link fence is typical.
116
Q

What 5 elements are shown on an existing conditions plan?

A
  • titleblock, north arrow, scale
  • property boundary with line lengths and bearings, setbacks and easements
  • total project size
  • topo info including contours and significant spot elevations
  • All existing features including structures, vegetation, utilities and easements
117
Q

What are the 4 elements a tree plan takes into account?

A
  • Projection from above ground damage
  • Protection from root damage
  • Protection from chemical damage
  • Protection from coil compaction in root zone.
118
Q

How large should shrub protection zones be?

A

Twice the diameter of the shrub itself

119
Q

In a demo plan, how is topsoil removed?

A

4-6 inches within the construction area, stockpiled for later use. Not to be piled higher than 4 ft, and stockpiled for less than 6 months. Angle of repose is 33 degrees max.

120
Q

What is deconstruction?

A

Reclaim materials during demo, a good deconstruction contractor can salvage 75-95 percent of the site and building if recycling facilities are nearby.

121
Q

What are the 5 best practices of deconstruction?

A
  • Set deconstruction goals early in the design process
  • Ensure all parties are familiar with goals
  • Use as-built drawings of the site to guide deconstruction
  • Create an inventory of any site components that are suitable for salvage
  • Ensure that specs for deconstruction are included in the construction documents
122
Q

What is post-consumer recycled content?

A

Any material or product that has served its intended use and has been diverted or recovered from waste to be remanufactured into a new product or material.

123
Q

What is pre-consumer recycled content?

A

Waste or scrap material generated in manufacturing and concerting processes that can be remanufactured into a new product or material.

124
Q

What are reprocessed materials?

A

Broken down or otherwise modified from original size.

125
Q

What are volatile organic compounds (VOCs)?

A

A variety of organic compounds that vaporize at room temp, they are harmful to human health. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, toluene, benzene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

126
Q

What’s the difference between erosion control and sediment control?

A

Erosion is the elimination of conditions that lead to erosion. Keeps soil in place.

Sediment control is used to minimize off-site runoff.

127
Q

What are the 4 elements of an erosion and sediment control plan?

A
  • Minimize disturbance
  • Control runoff
  • Collect sediment
  • Sequencing and monitoring construction
128
Q

What are the 3 soil stabilization measures?

A
  • Erosion control matting and blankets
  • Bio-technical/vegetative stabilization
  • Soil adhesives and geotextiles
129
Q

What are the 5 runoff control measures?

A
  • Constructed channels
  • Diversions
  • Grade control structures
  • Outlet protection
  • Slope protection structures
130
Q

What are the 6 sediment control measures?

A
  • Silt barriers
  • Vegetative filter strips
  • Storm drain inlet protection
  • Sediment traps
  • Sediment basins
  • Stabilized construction entry/exits
131
Q

What are the 3 mitigation categories?

A

Avoidance, Minimization, Compensation

132
Q

What the heck is NEPA?

A

National Environmental Policy Act

133
Q

What are the 7 elements of an Environmental Assessment (EA) or an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIS)?

A
  • Description of the project and determination of scope
  • Development of the project alternatives
  • Documentation of the affected environment
  • Evaluation of environmental consequences
  • Development of mitigation measures
  • Circulation of documents for review
  • Completion of the environmental review process
134
Q

What are the 4 elements on a layout plan?

A
  • Titleblock and typical info
  • Property line with bearings and distances
  • Easements, setbacks and survey
  • Final reference notes to supplement graphic instruction and general notes
135
Q

What is the weird thing with layout plans and the LARE

A

They may separate layout and materials into separate plans but they can also be combined into one plan.

136
Q

What’s a fixed dimension?

A

High accuracy, used for legal purposes. Property lines, right-of-way, building setbacks. Used to locate baseline points.

137
Q

What’s a semi fixed dimension?

A

located in reference to fixed dimensions. Can be drawn in relationship to one another. Sidewalks, walls, fences. Appears most on layout plans.

138
Q

What’s a flexible dimension?

A

Do not require precise positioning and have a greater tolerance for error. +- sign, can be referred to as floating dimensions.

139
Q

What are field dimensions?

A

Dimensions that can only be determined once a specific part of the project has been built.

140
Q

Describe the tolerance in level of accuracy:

A
  • To be one half of the smallest unit indicated. 4 ft implies tolerance of +- 6 inch (1/2 foot) where as 4’-3” implies a preciseness of +-1/2”
141
Q

Describe units in level of accuracy:

A

4’-3” implies +-1/2” and 4.25’ implies +- 1/16”

142
Q

Describe the reasonable tolerance in level of accuracy.

A

Metal rebar can be 5’-3-1/2” but not a concrete wall. Be appropriate for the material or thing being built.

143
Q

What can a point of beginning in a layout plan be?

A

Survey benchmark, property corner, or other fixed dimension. Should never be disturbed during construction.

144
Q

What notation standards are to be used in a layout plan?

A

Architectural, not engineering. No decimals. 12’ - 6”

145
Q

What are the 5 types of layout methods?

A
  • Baseline system
  • Offset system
  • Architectural grid system
  • Coordinate system
  • Stationing system
146
Q

Describe the baseline system:

A

Commonly used in layout plans, usually when layout is parallel and perpendicular. String dimensions often used within this system.

147
Q

When should the offset system be used? And what are the pros and cons?

A
  • When plan geometry is simple and tied to a longitudinal organizing element within the plan
  • When a primary organizing element exists

Pros: Simple and clear, interdisciplinary use
Cons, relationship between site elements are poorly defined (non-hierarchical)

148
Q

Describe the offset system:

A

Used to locate curvilinear elements that don’t require a high level of accuracy (paths, planter bed edge, informal edge)

Taken from fixed intervals from baseline to edge or centerline of proposed element.

149
Q

Describe the architectural grid system:

A

Used proposed building grid to organize and lay out proposed site construction. Measured perpendicular from grid lines, 90 degrees from the grid lines.

150
Q

When should the grid system be used and what are the pros and cons?

A
  • When strict relationships exist between the building and landscape design

Pros: Simple and clear, interdisciplinary
Cons: Relationships to site elements are poorly defined
- Not good with curves
- Required the building to be under construction to be used

151
Q

Describe the coordinate system:

A

Uses a horizontal and vertical axis (x,y) to define the specific geographical position of a point. Distances are indicated as north, south, east and west from known reference point tied to a national, regional or state grid system.

152
Q

When should the coordinate system be used and what are the pros and cons?

A
  • When highly irregular project geometries exist and there is no clear way to employ the baseline system.
  • When the landscape design is not related to the adjacent building
  • When complex topography or other conditions interfere with dimension based systems
  • For small scale work (residential gardens)

Pros: eliminates visual clutter of dimension strings on plans, they are independent measurements
Cons: Relationships between elements are poorly defined (its non-hierarchical), some contractors may not have the skill to use this system.

153
Q

Describe the stationing system:

A
  • Used to layout linear and curvilinear elements like centerlines of roads, paths, utilities.
  • Requires bearings, tangent lengths, and computation of distances.
  • 1+00 and station 2+00 are 100 feet apart
154
Q

What’s the difference between PVC and PVI. What is a PVT.

A
  • Point of Vertical Curve: Marks the beginning of a curve
  • Point of Vertical Intersection: Marks where two road alignments are joined by a curve.
  • Point of Vertical Tangency: Where a vertical curve ends.
155
Q

What are the pros and cons of the stationing system?

A

Pros: Simple and graphically clear, useful for curvilinear geometries
Cons: Some contractors may not be familiar, requires contractor to compute the distance between points, rather than measure distances. Cumulative errors can occur.

156
Q

Describe the angular system:

A

The layout of complex angular and curvilinear systems with angles, bearings and arcs. A bearing is an acute angle within NE, SE, SW or NW. A bearing line can serve as a reference from which other angles can be measured.

157
Q

Describe the difference between closed and open demsions:

A

Closed is when the dimension string specifies the dimensions of everything between two known and fixed points. Avoided at all costs because they don’t account for tolerances during construction activities.

158
Q

Describe the modular system:

A

Used to layout repetitive objects like paving patterns. Unlikely to be on exam.

159
Q

Describe the running system:

A

Used for locating semi-fixed and adjustive objects. Should be avoided because of the high probability of layout error. Unlikely to be on exam.

160
Q

What are the 7 elements on a materials plan?

A
  • Standard titleblock and plan info
  • Any work from other disciplines that related to the proposed landscape architecture work
  • Proposed landscape architecture improvements including pavement/hardscape, joint locations, walls and wall types, site furnishings, guardrails, handrails, fencing.
  • Lighting can be on here if there are no lighting plans
  • Detail keynotes and references
  • Graphic legend that defines all elements on the plan.
161
Q

Each foot in elevation gain reduces psi by how much?

A

0.433 psi

162
Q

What should the fps of an irrigation pipes stay under?

A

5 fps, to avoid water hammering.

163
Q

What are the 9 elements to consider when designing irrigation ?

A
  • Soil characteristics
  • Water source
  • Available flow and pressure
  • Water quality
  • Water cost
  • Site grading and elevation changes on site
  • Plant species and placement
  • Construction budget
164
Q

What are the 7 things that should be on an irrigation plan?

A
  • Standard titleblock and plan info
  • A drawing base that shows work from other disciplines for reference
  • Final reference notes to supplement graphic instruction and the general notes
  • Location of irrigation system components.
  • Linework showing proposed routing of the irrigation mainline and laterals, sleeves where necessary
  • Site detail references
  • Graphic legend defining all improvements on the plan
165
Q

Where is the backflow preventer placed?

A

At the beginning to avoid contamination due to backflow.

166
Q

Define Spray Irrigation:

A

Head to head coverage, entire surface area within radius. GPM not GPH. Not considered to be efficient. Tree bubblers can be attached.

167
Q

Define Rotor Style Irrigation:

A

Spray irrigation used in large field areas. Not suited for complex geometries.

168
Q

Define Drip Irrigation:

A

Efficient, not suitable for turf. GPH not GPM.

169
Q

Define Water Meter:

A

Measures amount of water used by a property, placed at municipality’s connection.

170
Q

Define Master Valve and Flow Sensor:

A

Master valve is automatic valve that is installed after backflow preventer. Shuts off after valve zones aren’t operating. Flow sensor is attached to master valve and detects leaks in the system.

171
Q

Describe the order of layout for an irrigation system:

A
172
Q

Describe conventional vs two wire system:

A

Conventional runs wire all the way from each valve to the controller, two wire allows for valves to be wired to one another. Two wire typically used in commercial and industrial projects.

173
Q

Describe an isolation valve:

A

Manually operated devices placed at critical junctures in an irrigation mainline. Used to shut off zones for maintenance.

174
Q

Describe an automatic control valve:

A

Communicate with the controller to regulate flow of water within a zone.

175
Q

What’s a quick coupler valve:

A

Used to connect a hose for maintenance spray downs.

176
Q

Describe irrigation sleeving:

A

Large diameter piping used to get mainline and laterals through hardscape.

177
Q

Describe reclaimed and harvested rainwater systems.

A

Rainwater stored in a cistern, reclaimed by a separate system. Uses purple pipe.

178
Q

What’s fertigation?

A

a system that introduces fertilizer into the irrigation system.

179
Q

When’s the best time to install plants?

A

Fall. They have a longer dormant time before being exposed to the stress of summer.

180
Q

How big is the critical root zone?

A

the expected crown diameter.

181
Q

What’s a typical rule for tree staking and wrapping?

A

trees typically don’t need it. If they do need staking use a minimum 1 inch diameter polymer material. Rubber hose on wire is not recommended because of girdling. Tree wrapping not to be used because of insect infestations and fungal diseases.

182
Q

What are the 4 things to know about mulch and ferilization?

A
  • Mulch conserves soil moisture, moderates soil temps, limits reflected heat, hold a builds soil, prevents weeds.
  • 3-4 inches depth, 5-7 feet around new trees, 4ft around all other plantings. Don’t spread under plants to prevent rot.
  • All plants fertilized directly after planting, trees to receive slow release fertilizer tabs.
  • Additional surface fertilization should occur in spring or fall.
183
Q

What does ANLA (American Standards for Nursery Stock) Standards establish common techniques for?

A
  • Measuring plants
  • Specifying the size of plants
  • Determining the correct relationship between height and caliper
  • Determining whether a root ball or container is large enough for a particular plant size
184
Q

What are the 8 things to remember about inspecting plants?

A
  • Inspected upon delivery
  • Examine general health of the plant (damage, wounds, serious diseases)
  • Verify that the structure is proportional and typical of the species
  • Growing from center of rootball
  • B&B with plastic wrap is not acceptable, no non-organic material used
  • Size of rootball should meet minimum ANLA standards
  • Interstate and international delivery shipping must be accompanied by the appropriate federal and/or state phytosanitary certificates
185
Q

What are the 6 things on a planting plan?

A
  • Standard titleblock and scale stuff
  • Other discipline drawing bases
  • Keynote (legend with references)
  • Final reference notes to supplement graphic instruction and general notes
  • Final plant list including species, selection, common names, sizes, types, notes, qty’s
  • If a separate tree planting plan is created, dimensions should be used to describe any critical location spacing.
186
Q

What are the 3 parts of a planting detail?

A

planting hole, trunk area, branches

187
Q

What are the x things to know about a planting pit?

A
  • Hole should be 2-5 times bigger than the root ball, 45 degrees on the edges
  • Depth 1 to 2 inches less than the root ball. better to be too shallow than too deep
  • Wire to be removed or cut down up to 18 inches, burlap can be left but top 1/3 should be unwrapped
  • Hole to be backfilled with same soil with no amendments
  • mulch 3-4 inches deep, 5-7 ft around trees and 4ft around plantings
188
Q

What are the 3 objectives of landscape lighting?

A

Safety, security, aesthetics

189
Q

What are the 5 best practices of lighting?

A
  • Regularity
  • Hierarchy
  • Articulation
  • Intensity
  • Placement
190
Q

What are the 8 things to consider when choosing a lighting fixture?

A
  • Aesthetics
  • Function
  • Lamp type and wattage
  • Adjustment capabilities
  • Ability to add accessories
  • Waterproofing
  • Lamp Shielding
  • Environmental considerations
191
Q

What are the 6 lighting techniques?

A
192
Q

What are the 9 things on a lighting plan?

A
  • Standard plan info and titleblock, scale
  • Drawing bases with other discipline info
  • Final reference notes to supplement graphic instruction and general notes
  • Comprehensive site detail keynote references for each fixture
  • Fixture type and location, including dimensioning data where needed
  • Remote transformer designations and schedules
  • Control load designations and schedules
  • Fixture control group designations
  • Schematic wiring diagrams
193
Q

Describe a low voltage system:

A
  • Converts a traditional 120V line voltage into 12V (and sometimes 24V)
  • This way the landscape lighting can be installed by a contractor and not a licensed electricians.
  • Low voltage suitable for small scale and residential settings
194
Q

What’s a transformer?

A

Changes the voltage from main power sources to supply a lighting fixture at a lower or higher voltage. 120 V line.

195
Q

What’s an LED?

A

Light-emitting diode. Highly versatile and durable.

196
Q

What’s a Shroud?

A

Blocks light, a lampshade.

197
Q

What’s a louver?

A

Used to shield brightness, not a shroud. honeycomb 45 degree or 60 degree used to block glare.

198
Q

Describe lumens.

A

Unit of measurement that quantify amount of light energy at a light source.

199
Q

What’s a footcandle?

A

One lumen per sq ft. It’s an imperial measurement. Lux is metric.

200
Q

What’s candlepower?

A

Measurement for intensity of light source in a given direction (a candela).

201
Q

What are the van, car, and space between car dimensions for ADA?

A

Van: 12’ x 18’
Car: 9’ x 18’
Space: 5’

202
Q

What are the 5 things about ADA path of travel to know?

A
  • 36” clear at all times
  • Slope: no grater than 5% (1:20)
  • Cross-slope: no grater than 2.1% (1:48)
  • Change in level: max 1/2”
203
Q

Describe the 7 things about an ADA curb ramp:

A
  • Slope: Min 5% (1:20) Max 8.33% (1:12)
  • Cross Slope: No grater than 2% (1:50)
  • Vertical rise: 30” max landing to landing
  • Horizontal run: 30’ max at 8.33% max, 50’ max at 5%
  • Width: 36” min clear for one way, 60” minimum for two way
  • Landing width: 60” if there is a change in direction
  • Landing length: 60” min
204
Q

List the two things to know about handrails on ramps:

A
  • 34”-38” from top of handrail to fs
  • 1.5” diameter preferred (1.25” min 2” max)
205
Q

Describe the 3 characteristics of ADA seating and tables:

A
  • 17”-19” seat height
  • 20”-24” seat depth
  • 28”-34” table height
206
Q

Describe the dimensions and characteristics of ADA steps:

A
  • Risers: 6” high, 4” min 7 “max
  • Treads: 2% slope towards nose
  • Tread length: 11” min, 18”max
  • No open risers allowed, handrails required on both sides with steps of 5 or more
207
Q

What’s the difference between a barrier and a mountable curb?

A

Barrier are steep faces and restrict vehicles, mountable allow cars but still direct stormwater flow.

208
Q

What are the 6 things retaining walls are used for?

A
  • Grade changes are too great
  • Maximize building area
  • Integrate architecture into the surrounding context/topo
  • Facilitate circulation
  • Protect steep slopes form erosion
  • Protect existing trees from cut or fill
209
Q

What are retaining walls 7 best practices?

A
  • Soils bearing capacity determines footing width
  • Footings are major in retaining wall stability
  • Foundations and footings to be located above water table
  • Retaining walls are measured from top of wall to bottom of footer
  • Height of a typical retaining wall to be 4ft or less due to code restrictions
  • Drain surface water away from retaining walls as much as possible
  • Batter refers to angling the face of the wall toward the material being extracted. Between 6:1 and 12:1.
210
Q

Describe reinforced embankements:

A

Geotextile, turf grids, stone or concrete surfacing. Max 1.5:1 or 33% slope. Follow angle of repose of site soils. Inexpensive but takes up a lot of space. Requires a check swale at the top of slope.

211
Q

Describe the 3 types of retaining walls:

A

Gravity wall: Retains soil with the weight of the wall material. Monolithic concrete, CMU, dry laid stone, 4 ft or less.

Cantilevered Walls: In an L or a T shape, concrete, 4-10ft tall

Counterfort walls: T shape with intermittent “counterfort” walls with backfilled soil. Concrete, for over 15ft.

212
Q

Describe retaining wall drainage:

A

4”-6” vertical backdrain to get water to lateral pipe. Waterproofing on backside.

213
Q

Describe the three ways retaining walls can fail:

A

Settling: pressure on footing causes wall to sink
Overturning: top of wall pressure causes wall to tip over
Sliding: Modular walls when load is added to the soil above the design capacity and it advances

214
Q

Describe the 7 ways site design can promote wayfinding:

A
  • Connectivity/Circulation
  • Align entries and exits
  • Visible entries and exits
  • Establish hierarchy
  • Clear sight lines
  • Character and identity
  • Limit access
215
Q

What are the 3 categories of signage:

A
  • Regulatory (No Parking)
  • Warning (calling attention)
  • Guide (directional and display)
216
Q

What are the 4 best practices of wayfinding:

A
  • Provide info at decision points
  • Use maps and brochures
  • Use color sparingly
  • Walk the site during and after implementation
217
Q

Check out these depths for critical height of tested playground materials:

A
218
Q

Check out these details for playground surfacing:

A
219
Q

What are the 7 parts of construction staging:

A
  • Storage and staging areas: accessible throughout process
  • Construction access and cranes: some elements need to be delivered out of order, maybe use a crane
  • Sediment control and stormwater management: installed prior or during construction
  • Two-wire irrigation: daisy chained, works well when future irrigation may be installed
  • Sleeving: installed under hardscape (pvc)
  • Special plants: sometimes contract grown, coordinate with contractor or provide an alternate species
  • Other special orders
220
Q

What are the four types of paving?

A
  • Flexible monolithic: asphalt, poured playground surfacing
  • Flexible Unit: brick or stone pavers
  • Rigid Monolithic: concrete
  • Rigid Unit: brick laid on concrete
221
Q

What are the 4 general rules of asphalt?

A
  • Any layer of asphalt should be twice the size of the aggregate used
  • Aggregate size correlates to the strength of the asphalt (bigger is better)
  • Bigger aggregate makes more road noise
  • Surface treatments cannot increase the structural capabilities
222
Q

Describe the prime coat of asphalt and the four purposes of it:

A

A coat of low viscosity asphalt to a granular base in preparation for the initial layer of asphalt.

  • coats and bonds loose material
  • hardens and toughens base material
  • plugs voids to prevent migration of moisture
  • provides adhesion between base course and later asphalt layers
223
Q

Describe the tack coat of asphalt:

A

A sprayed application of an asphalt binder upon an existing asphalt, or between layers of asphalt. Creates a monolithic structure.

224
Q

Describe the asphalt treated base:

A

ATB, compacted course of base material which has been weatherproofed and stabilized by treatment with an asphalt binder. A waterproof barrier used in freeze/thaw areas, three times stronger than untreated aggregate. Can be used in a thinner layer

225
Q

What is compressive strength of concrete determined by?

A

Ratio of water to cement, w/c ratio.

226
Q

Explain rebar numbering and spacing:

A

All in 1/8 inches, #3 rebar is 3/8 inches.

227
Q

List the 6 concrete admixtures and their characteristics:

A

Air-entraining: improves resistance to freeze thaw
Water-reducing: as stated
Set-accelerating: speeds curing process
Set-retarding: decelerates curing process,
Pozzolans: reduces amount of cement required in concrete mix and improves workability
Superplastics: allows a lower w/c ratio and creates a flowable/liquid concrete

228
Q

What is the heat of hydration and how many days does it take to reach its compressive strength?

A

Chemical reaction between cement and water in the mix. Takes 28 days.

229
Q

Describe the concrete clump test:

A

Measures workability and mixture of a concrete mix. Measures the consistency of fresh concrete before it sets. Make a cone and tamp it.

230
Q

What are the four ways to note about finishing concrete?

A
  • Coloring can be added to the mix and conc can be painted after it cures
  • Exposed aggregate finish is achieved by hosing or acid washing and brushing the surface after it begins to set, or sprinkle aggregate on top
  • Nonslip achieved with hand tooled floats, trowels or brooms.
  • Special imprinting tools can make patterns or stamped finishes
231
Q

How is pervious concrete made?

A

Uses a single size of aggregate, no sand or fine aggregates to fill voids. Can be as strong as regular concrete but requires vacuuming or power washing.

232
Q

Describe the 5 elements of a control joint:

A
  • Depth: 1/4 to 1/3 of thickness
  • Formation: saw cut or hand tool, saw cuts 12-24 hrs after finishing
  • Spacing: 4-6ft
  • Geometry: square
  • Sealing: caulked in freezing area,
233
Q

Describe the elements of expansion joints:

A

Also known as isolation joints, placed wherever concrete meets a building, no greater than 20-30 ft apart.

234
Q

What are the 7 types of masonry units?

A

Brick, unit pavers, flagstone, granite, sandstone, limestone, slate

235
Q

List adv/disadv of brick

A

Adv: Non glare and non skid, coloring options, easy repair, locally sourced
Disadv: High installation cost, cleaning, crumbles in freezing weather, differential settlement, efflorescence

236
Q

List adv/disadv of unit pavers:

A

Adv: non glare, non skid, coloring options, easy repair
Disadv: moderate install cost, differential settlement, efflorescence

237
Q

List adv/disadv of flagstone:

A

Adv: durable, natural welding qualities
Disadv: moderate install cost, slippery when wet, color/pattern is random

238
Q

List adv/disadv of granite:

A

Adv: easy to shape/machine, durable, non-slip
Disadv: chemical weathering

239
Q

List adv/disadv of Limestone:

A

Adv: East to shape/machine, rich color and texture
Disadv: chemical weathering, absorbs grease, must be waterproofed to prevent staining

240
Q

List adv/disadv of slate:

A

Adv: durable w/ high tensile strength, slow to weather, color options
Disadv: expensive, slippery when wet

241
Q

Explain mortar vs. grout:

A

The relative amount of water mixed in each. Mortar makes one material stick to another like CMU building, grout is a filler, used in things like tiling. Grout usually has a higher water content.

242
Q

Check out this bark side down graphic and how should decking be placed?

A

Bark side facing up

243
Q

Describe nominal dimensions in lumber:

A

After being rough cut, the lumber is then finished and 1/4” is taken off PER SIDE to smooth it out. S4S is surfaced four sides. a 2x4 is actually 1.5x3.5

244
Q

What are the 9 parts of a wood deck?

A

Guardrail, decking, joist, beam, post, footing, stringer, ledger

245
Q

What are the required dims for a wood guardrail?

A

Wherever there is a 30” drop there should be a 42” guradrail with 4” gaps max

246
Q

Describe a joist in decking:

A
247
Q

Describe a beam in decking:

A
248
Q

Describe a stringer in decking:

A
249
Q

Describe a ledger in decking:

A
250
Q

How long should nails be?

A

About 2.5 times as long as the thickness of the board.

251
Q

How long should a screw be?

A

Long enough to embed more than one half of its length into the base material

252
Q

Where are granite curbs used?

A

In northern cities because they withstand well in winter months.

253
Q

What has high embodied energy (all the energy used to make and install a material) and low embodied energy?

A

High: Aluminum 155,000 mj/ton
Low: Sand 80 mj/ton
megajoule/ton

254
Q

Describe a Material Safety Data Sheet (SDS)

A

Lists hazardous ingredients of a product, its physical and chemical characteristics and all the bad stuff that can happen from interacting with the stuff. Contractor generally required to have the SDS info sheet on site.

255
Q

How can you reduce urban heat island?

A

Green roofs, vegetation, painting a roof white

256
Q

What is something a LA can do to improve the sustained maintenance for a design?

A

Create a maintenance plan.

257
Q

Describe POE

A

Post-occupancy evaluation can be used during a maintenance audit. Used to determine if the built design meets the needs of the owner and site users. Taken from user surveys, direct observation, etc

258
Q

Describe the 5 elements of a contractor maintenance period:

A
  • Usually 90 days to a year
    Responsible for:
  • Care of plant material
  • Care of planting areas
  • Pest/disease control
  • Adjustments to irrigation equipment
259
Q

List the 7 elements of a maintenance plan (sometimes known as maintenance manual):

A
  • Routine maintenance requirements
  • Seasonal maintenance requirements
  • Long-term, preventative requirements
  • Operating manual for landscape infrastructure (irrigation controllers)
  • As-built drawings
  • Guide to plant material with maintenance needs
  • List of replacement parts for key equipment, local suppliers and manufacturers representative
260
Q

What’s the max height of a shrub in an areal where line of sight is concerned:

A

2 ft

261
Q

What’s the broken window theory and defensible space?

A

Unkempt and unmaintained areas attract danger

262
Q

How far should a buffer zone around structures be to prevent wildfires?

A

100 ft, limit fuel fodder in these zones

263
Q

What are the 6 “sustainable” maintenance strategies?

A
  • Reduce waste and carbon emissions produced by maintenance activities
  • Address the waste stream on site (composting, mulching, recycling)
  • Replace traditional approaches to pest management with (IPM) integrated pest management
  • Treat stormwater runoff on site
  • Amend soils using organic matter
  • Control the spread of invasive plant species
264
Q

Describe a green roof section detail:

A
265
Q

What bolt would you use to fasten a deck ledger to a post?

A

A carriage bolt (thru bolt with washer and nut

266
Q

Describe the four types of bids

A

A private bid is often a quality driven rather than price driven. A closed bid, unit-cost bid and lump-sum evaluate the bids based on lowest cost only.

267
Q

What does a concrete wall anchor look like?

A
268
Q

Where should caliper measurement be taken?

A

6 in above soil line

269
Q

Describe a chicane

A
270
Q

A change order triggers what 2 things?

A

A change in scope and extension of contract time.

271
Q

What is typically included in supplementary conditions of project specifications?

A

Submittal requirements because they are the included within the supplementary conditions of the project manual.

272
Q

Which of the following will never appear on a schedule of values?

A

Incidental items

273
Q

List the order in which an owner solicits bids:

A

Issue addenda, bid tabulation, notice of award, contract signing

274
Q

What’s the standard bench height range and depth?

A

16-20”, 18” deep

275
Q

What is the primary purpose of a slump test?

A

To measure the workability of concrete.

276
Q

What are cardinal changes?

A

Changes made outside the scope of the original contract. Cardinal changes typical necessitate the creation of a new contract.

277
Q

What must be resolved prior to final completion?

A

Punch lists, lien releases, removing all debris from the site

278
Q

Standard fall zone width?

A

6’ on all sides

279
Q

What divisions within the CSI are existing conditions, concrete, masonry, and finishes?

A

2
3
4
9

280
Q

In a private project, which party has ownership of the design documents?

A

Established in the design contract.

281
Q

At what percentage does QAQC begin to take place in design documents?

A

90%

282
Q

What happens to a contractor if they forfeit their bid bond and withdraw from a project after being awarded it?

A

Forfeiture of money in the amount of the difference between their bid and the next lowest bidder, up to the face value of the bid bond.

LARE Construction Documentation and Admin (1 decks)

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