LARE Section 3 Flashcards
Floodway
area of the floodplain which is used to convey floodwater under 100 year flood
Ground heave
upward movement of the ground (usually associated with the clay soil expansion which swells when wet)
4 types of bikeways:
Bicycle Paths (8-12 ft)
Bicycle Lanes (5-6ft)
Ideally used on only low-speed, low-traffic streets:
Wide Outside Lanes (14ft)
- located on the right side of traffic and are intended to be shared with vehicles
Shared Roadways
-bicycles are treated as cars
Noise Barriers:
- Distance (should be constructed as close as possible to the source)
- Height (at minimum, barriers should be built to a height such that they block the line between source and receiver)
- Continuity ( Single, continuous barrier more efficient than multiple)
- Length (should generally be 1-2 times the distance between source and the barrier to minimise sound diffraction)
- Mass (Greater mass- better protection)
Surface texture impacts noise diffraction (smooth deflects more)
Vegetation make relatively poor barrier
Opinion of probable costs:
- used for construction estimates produced by designer
- Based on quantity, details, specifications
- Not authoritative, not for biding
- Produced early in the lifecycle of the project
- Will include contingency (5-10%, up to 20%)
Roadways and Topography
Parallel to the contours
+ Easy access between roads and buildings
- buildings disrupt natural drainage pattern
Perpendicular to the contours
+ Building orientation is more conducive to the natural drainage patterns
- steep roads
- awkward between roads and buildings
-costly grade changes may be required between buildings
Diagonal across contours
+ efficient storm drainage design
+ good access between the road and buildings
+ gradients less steep
+ least amount of landscape disturbance
Contingent liability (Условное обязательство)
an injured 3r party is not affected by a contract between 2 parties. Example: passerby is injured by a contractor working on an owners project, the passerby can sue the owner even of contractor is directly responsible. It is because the owner owns the site and project and passerby does not have to understand the contractual relationships to take legal action
Low Impact Development (LID)
LID is a sustainable stormwater management strategy. It emphasises holistic approach to site design and overall sustainable design to manage storm water at its source and collect rainwater for secondary use.
LID promotes a decentralised system that distributes storm water across a project site in order to replenish groundwater supplies.
Of particular concern are the rate of storm water runoff, the pollutants in the water, and recharge of water into the ground.
Environmental Impact Statements (EIS)
For large projects having a noticeable impact on the environment
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA): Uses federal funding
Purpose: to enlarge body of fact and opinion that decision-makers have at their disposal. Typically occurs immediately after the Master Plan stage.
Goals: expose predictions, invite scrutiny & competing opinion
“Convener-picked” def
convener/person/party who organizes the public participation process select stakeholders
Basis of Design BOD
submitted at the schematic design SD phase, updated through the DD and CD
BOD - a set of documents used to formally establish a project’s design intent and used to evaluate conformance to the desired design. Make sure that projects fulfil desired functional, aesthetic, and environmental goals while being feasible, safe and cost-effective.
can include geotechnical report, budget, schedule info and other
Backflow preventer
Backflow preventer - placed at the very beginning of the irrigation system and used to protect potable water supplies from contamination or pollution due to backflow. It allows potable water into irrigation systems, but prevent from re-entering the water source
Pre-Design Goals and Activities:
Execute a contract for design services
Conduct client and user interviews
Prepare a detailed site base plan
Soils and geotechnical report
Initial project program
Code review (laws, rules, regulations)
Determine process for review and approval
Coordinate with the client estimated construction budget
Project work plan, share it with team
Regional Park amenities
- Designed to serve multiple municipalities
- Thousands of acres
- Cross multiple political boundaries
- Typically oriented around significant natural resource
- Amenities correspond to assets within the park
- Connections to major transportation network
- Integration into regional multi-user trail
- Amenities necessary for day use (restrooms, seating area, water fountains)
Functional Use Diagrams
the relationship between project elements
Quantities, Cost Estimates
Linear Feet - for linear elements (PVC, steel header, curb), cross section of this materials remains consistent
Square Feet - for fixed hardscape elements (brick, pavers, concrete)
Cubic Feet/ cubic yards - loose project materials with 3d qualities, like soil, gravel, mulch, Usually used for structural purposes and not for finish quality. Tend to be inexpensive.
Tonnage - usually used to measure stones and boulders, because they are heavy, have irregular shape, weight remains consistent regardless of weather
Woonerf
type of roadway design originally from the Netherlands, in which traffic calming measures, low-speed limits, and shared space between different road users are provided to increase safety within the right-of-way
Parks, open space and trails master plan can address
Transportation
Culture
History
Scenic
Urban Design
Environment
Recreation
Planned Unit Development (PUD)
Rezoned special districts, controlled by one entity and planned and developed as single development over a long period of time (5-15 years)
Statue of Limitations
the max time after the event when legal action may be initiated against another party. In LA it is usually 6-10 years.
Wetland Mitigation Strategies:
- A clear statement of the objectives of the mitigation
- An assessment of the wetland values or resources that will be lost and that will be replaced
- A statement of the location, elevation, and hydrology of the new site
- A description of what will be planted where and when
- A monitoring and maintenance plan
- A contingency plan
- A guarantee that the work will be performed as planned and approved.
Multi-Modal Transportation Plan contain:
Executive summary, goals, objectives
Descripton of planning and public outreach strategy
Exisitn g conditions
Summary of transportation needs
Projections of future conditions
Develop scenarios to meet future conditions
Cost implications, funding sources
Implementation [la, performance monitoring
Habitat:
-Avoid habitat fragmentation to preserve biodiversity
-Riparian corridors, wetland areas, large continuous areas - highest priority for protection
-Existing corridors require protection to maintain ecosystem connectivity and biodiversity
-Habitat restoration is most effective when addresses gaps in existing corridors
-Many animal species need more than 1 habitat type for different life cycles
Economic Goals:
Attract investment
Drive tourism
Increase property value
Attract skilled workers
Reduce commuting times
Promote Efficient land use
Land Use plan
is the regulation of the land uses, with the goal of preventing conflicts.
Roadway Patterns
Grid
Grid and Squares
Web
Radial
Curvilinear, Irregular
Land-Use plans
Describe future possibilities for development within a defined planning area (neighborhood, district, city, etc)
Located within a larger comprehensive plan.
Primary purpose: regulation of land uses.
Building Location
Health, safety, welfare #1
Minimizing development Impacts
Building Location
- Orient with respect to topography and minimize the grading
- Preserve existing vegetation
- Locate near the site entry to minimize road length
- Primary entry along the major pedestrian pathway
- Primary entry on the south side (SSE and SSW the ideal)
- Commercial buildings are especially sensitive to building location. Since it will affect the success of a business.
- Locate buildings on previously disturbed sites
Noise Control Principles
- The closer the sound control measure is placed to the sound source, the more effective it will be.
- Sound control measures must be solid to be effective.
- Wood walls should be tongue & groove
- Gaps must be avoided
- Massive structures will tend to absorb sound better than lighter ones
- Concrete and masonry are superior to metals
- Softer materials (earth) will reflect less sound and absorb more.`
Reasons for selecting stakeholders:
Jurisdiction over an Issue (power to make decisions)
Particular Information or Knowledge base
Party to an Actual or Potential Conflict
Connected to community networks
Traffic calming measures
Speed bump
Raised crosswalk
Speed table ( long enough so both wheels to be on top)
Raised intersection (covers entire intersection)
Neckdowns/ Bilbouts (curv extensions at intersections)
Traffic circle (raised island located at an intersection)
Roundabout
Choker (used at midblocks)
Realighned intersection (used at T intersection)
Textured surface (ususally used in combination with other traffic measures)
Center island narrowing
Chicane (prevent cut-through driving down the centerline)
Woonerf - type of roadway design (from Netherlands) in which traffic calming measures, low speed limits and shared space between roadway users are provided to increase safety within right-of way.
Paving Patterns:
Running bond
Stack bond
Herringbone
Basketweave
View Corridor Plan
To protect or control viewshed of a specific area. Viewshed defined vyL topography, structures, vegetation, road, trail, park, historik landmark.
It is based upon:
- A MP or doc that describes the community supports for viewshed protection
- Surveying public opinions and perceptions regarding scenic quality and preferences
- Visual inventory and assessment process for the viewshed in question
- Enforcement mechanism to protect the viewshed (building height limitations, setbacks etc)
Urban Plans:
Similar to comprehensive plans.
However urban plans typically use 3D design drawings.
They address a greater degree of spatial complexity and they are used to:
- create a holistic vision for the future
- develop implementation strategies for proposed and other short- and long-range initiatives
- improve design quality across a specific district
- market a specific district to development interests
- Facilitate compromise between competing interest
Permitting Process
Land Purchase
Parcel Map Approval (Planning Department and Country Accessor)
Stakeholder outreach and Master Plan
SD
Planning Approval (City Council and Planning Department)
DD
CD
Building Permit (Building Department: Fire Marshall, traffic engineering, dept of public works, county health dept, Water Boards and Utilities,
Groundbreaking
CA
Final signoffs - occupancy permit (by building inspector)
Completion and Occupancy
Post Occupancy Evaluation
all projects greater than 1 acre need a
general permit through the NPDES (national pollutants discharge elimination
system) Sun program to the Clean Water Act, which is focused on reducing
non point source pollution, including storm water.
Landscape performance metrics
measure of effectiveness with which landscape solutions fulfil their intended purpose and contribute to sustainability.
Bicycle Circulation
Bicycle Paths:
8-12 ft
Dedicated lanes, separated from vehicles by open space or barriers within existing roadway
Max 2% cross slope, 1.5% ideal
Typically paved with asphalt (concrete is more expensive, gravel is less durable, and concrete joints create disruptions)
Bicycle Lanes
A portion of a larger roadway is designated for bicycles. Delineated by signs, markings, textured strips
5-6 ft
Wide Outside Lanes
Right side of traffic
14 ft
Shared Roadways
Most Dangerous
Signage to indicate bicycle usage
May impede traffic flow
Road Classification
Principal Arterial (highways, controlled access highways, a large amount of traffic)
Minor Arterial (continuous routes through urban areas, major commercial and institutional uses will be located along the minor arterial. Residential sites do not typically have direct access to minor arterial)
Collector (link traffic from numerous local streets to minor arterial. Some residential sites will have access to local roads)
Local (short, numerous traffic control devices, low-speed, 90% of all streets in US, 10%of traffic volume)
Parkways
- linear parks that also serve as a transportation corridor within city
- ## between 200 to 1000 ft in width
Tools for Economic Development Plan (Redevelopment Plan)
- Setting aside land for business or industry through zoning, remediation, or other means
- Underwriting risks for developers, making the project more attractive
- Providing amenities and infrastucture through capital improvement (bonds, public funded projects)
- Creating an economic development team or department to provide ongoing support
- Promoting existing quality of life amenities that might attract new development
- Attracting ‘creatives’ to encourage a diverse cultural scene
- Establishing a joint economic development zone where developers can have special support
- Providing job training
- Refining regulations to streamline approvals
- Establishing business-retention programs
- Adopting design guidelines for commercial, industrial and institutional areas
ADA basics:
- ADA-accessible parking should be located as close as possible to the building entrance
- all ADA accessible routes should be continuous and free of obstructions
- all ADA accessible routes should follow the general pedestrian path to the greatest extent as possible
- the primary spaces of a site should be ADA accessible (parking, entrances, buildings)
Needs Assessment
Used during the development of master plan or at the very beginning of the design process
They are used in order to understand what a specific population believes they are lacking.
Needs Assessment include:
Identification of target population for the study
Determining which survey techniques to use
Development of the content for public meetings
Collecting data through surveys and meetings
Interpreting data
Cluster Development
Do not increase development density on a site, preserving open space.
Benefits of cluster development:
Preservation of open space and site character
Protection of natural/cultural resources
Reduction of impervious surface
Lowered construction costs for streets
Reduction in site disturbance/grading
Reduced visual impact
Benefits of Mixed Use Development:
important to sitting comparable uses next to each other.
- Provide a distinct sense of place
- Sustainability via efficient, high-density development
- Mixed uses cater to a diverse public
- Density encourages pedestrian activity, public transport
- Create active public spaces
- Greater public safety
- Urban in-fill redevelopment and re-use of historic structures
TMDL Total maximum daily load
TMDL Total maximum daily load - is the max amount of pollutant allowed to enter a waterbody so that the waterbody will meet and continue to meet the water quality standards for the particular pollutant
Stakeholders should be selected on the basis:
Are directly impacted by an issue or project
Have jurisdiction or control over something relevant to the project
Possess specialist knowledge related to the project
Directly represent or are connected to influential social/community networks
Parties that are directly affected by or have a stake ina project are stakeholders
The setbacks for buildings are:
50 feet from the edge of any stream or other identified water body;
100 feet from the edge of any wetland;
25 feet from any street right-of-way; and
15 feet from any property line.
The setbacks for paved circulation ways are:
100 feet from the edge of any wetland;
15 feet from any street right-of-way; and
10 feet from any property line.
Cyclist safety:
Whenever bicycles share a road with vehicles, they are at risk when:
- cyclist turn left across oncoming traffic
- cyclist cross an intersection when vehicular traffic is entering from or turning from the right
- either/both cyclist and driver fail to yield
Visioning
Visioning is a relatively broad planning activity in which a community develops a shared concept for their future and how this concept will be achieved. It should:
Reflect core community values
Draw from the whole community
Address emerging issues or trends
Promote local action
Envision a preferred future.
Isolation Valves
Isolation Valves - manually operated, placed at critical junction, used to shut off specific portion for maintenance.
Urban Plans contains:
Executive summary
Existing conditions
Analysis drawings
Summary of strength and weaknesses
Development program
Urban design plan_renderings
Street framework plan
Open space framework plan
Design guidelines
Implementation plan
Stakeholders selection methods
- Convener picked
- Selection committee
- Self-nomination
- Snowball (can compliment any of the 3 strategy)
Principles of urban forest management
- Use a variety of tree species, avoid monocultures
- Age diversity
- Preservation of heritage specimens
- Reduce the heat island effect
- Use of vegetation to reduce heating and cooling costs of buildings
- Management of urban soils
- SilvaCells
- Structural soil
Examples of erosion control methods include the following:
cellular confinement systems (geocells)
fiber rolls (also called straw wattles made of straw and coconut fibers)
Gabions (a cage filled with rocks, concrete, or sometimes sand and soil)
Hydroseeding (slurry with mulch and seeds)
level spreaders
Mulching
Reforestation
perennial crops
riparian buffer
riprap
sand fence
vegetated waterway (bioswale)
terracing
windbreaks
Material Sample boards
Material Sample boards - provides physical samples of actual materials used in project
Considered superior to photos, cutsheets and renderings in terms of representing quality
Development should be avoided if:
Prime farmland or are undeveloped
Provide habitat for threatened or endangered species or contain sensitive ecosystem (wetlands)
Located within 100 flood zone
Require extensive excavation or grading
Flood hazards might be mitigated by:
Expanding opportunities for stormwater infiltration
minimizing impervious surface
decreasing the runoff volume during storm events
restricting development to outside floodplain areas
replacing hard engineered structures with green infrastructure that slows water velocities
Nature trails
- not multi-user trails, different criteria
- surfaced with natural soils or crashed aggregate
- follow the surrounding topo
easy trails 3-5%
moderate 8-10%
strenuous >10% (напряженный)
The program document has 2 purposes:
Acts as a summary and a synthesis of the site inventory/analysis and client interview
Functions as a checklist to compare the design proposal against
Preferences sites for development:
Reflective of input from stakeholders
Located in or adjacent to existing communities
Previously developed (brownfields, greyfields)
Adjacent to public transportation
Safety/conflict on multi-user trails
between pedestrian and bicyclist
due to overcrowding
To increase safety - sufficient width and/or dividing trails
Quick coupler valve
Quick coupler valve - to connect hose to irrigation system.
HOSE - шланг
Primary goals of site planning:
(pre-design phase)
- Promoting public health, safety, welfare
- Protecting public from natural disasters
- Reducing construction and maintenance costs
- Improving site function, including access
- Increase profit from development
- Protecting valuable natural/cultural resources
- Supporting critical ecological processes
Benefits of the effective site planning:
Promoting public health, safety, welfare
Protecting the public from natural disasters
Reduced construction costs
Increased profit from development
Protecting valuable natural and cultural amenities
Supporting critical ecological processes
DD Content:
Document Set Organization
Sheet layout and content (scale, name, purpose)
Detail names and numbering
Drawing notations and conventions (keynotes, symbols, general notes)
Specification format and organization
Residential Lot Types
Deep Narrow Lots - garage in front of the house, maximize space behind the house. Unattractive view from the street, minimum privacy
Shallow Wide Lots - More Space between houses, lack useful yard space, more development costs
Alley Houses - placing garage at the rear of the property facing the alley, aesthetically pleasing neighbourhoods, can introduce narrower streets to compensate cost of an alley.
Z-Lots - zero lot line layout, house is placed at the or near property line.
Design Guidelines
Improve the built-environment
Establi aesthetic continuity
Support and maintain broader planning and design objective
Ensure the health, safety and welfare
Mitigate the negative impacts of development
Transit-oriented development
encourages mixed-use, high-density development around multi-modal transportation hubs.
(1/8 mile downtown or 1/2 mile in other conditions. 1/4 mile primary TOD area)
Value Engineering:
- Review of contract docs to see if construction costs and duration can be reduced while maintaining project quality
- Should not impact health, safety of welfare
- Should not affect durability or long-term functioning
- Example: change finish surface, but not subgrade preparation, aggregate thickness base since latter have structural purpose.
Site maintenance plan:
Should promote clients objectives, preserve design intent, be future-oriented (anticipated site users, potable water use, financial resources)
Routine maintenance requirements
Season maintenance requirements
Long term, preventive or as-needed requirements
Operating manuals for landscape infrastructure such as irrigation controllers
As-build drawings of the project
Guide to plant material
List of replacement parts for key equipment
Program development
period of research and information gathering used to determine project outcomes, and programming studies are guided by the following information:
Market analysis
Literature review
User demand studies
Stakeholder interviews/surveys
Analysis of relevant precedents
Client objectives
Project budget
Schematic Design
SD
the first opportunity to formulate a detailed/specific/technical design intent for the project. SD refines elements of the concept, introduces new drawing types (sections, elevations, 3d perspectives)
SD, key goals and activities:
Refine content from the concept design phase
Site context plan
Preferred Plan option
Key compliance and regulatory requirements
Coordinate preferred plan with off-site systems ( circulation, stormwater, utilities)
Probable construction costs
Project cover sheet
Study models, character images
Illustrative elevations, sections, 3D drawings
Sketch details
Materials and components palette
Neighborhood parks amenities (1-10 acres)
- Play areas for multiple age groups
- ADA-accessible circulation group
- well-maintained open space for informal use
- sport features (basketball half-court, tennis, volleyball, etc)
- general site amenities (trash bins, benches etc)
- landscape planting
- natural areas
- limited parking
Sight Triangle:
- sight distance at intersection
- Must be free from any obstructions, including trees and vegetation. - Plants should not be higher than 2 ft.
Flood fringe
area of the floodplain outside of the floodway that does not usually convey floodwater and usually contains slow-moving or standing water.
Settlement
is the downward movement of the ground caused by the weight of the structure
Challenges of Mixed Use Development:
Zoning ordinance discourage from mix-used
Require complex financing
Increase project complexity
Interdisciplinary coordination
May be more extended/complicated approval process
Liquefaction
make solid soils behave like liquids
the greater the soil density, the lower the liquefaction risks
Site inventory and analysis are affected by:
- Cost of data collection and analysis
- Existing site conditions
- Permit requirements
- Proposed site uses
Neighborhood Park:
- Should be centrally located in the neighborhood that they serve
- Connect to broader circulation network
- Range in size from 1-10 acre, generally at least 3 acre to 5
- Should be contiguous and uninterrupted by roads or rivers, wetlands
- Site not suitable for other development usually is not suitable for neighborhood park
Types of sites:
Greenfield sites
Brownfield sites
Greyfield sites
Urban Infill
CPTED implemented in 3 ways:
Electronic devices (locks, alarms, CCTV, gadgets)
Site lighting should be uniform and consistent.
Design methods
Building design, lighting, circulation control, site layout, planting. Minimsing blind spots, dead ends,
Organisational methods (site security, doorman, regulating hours
Plants should grow no more than 3 ft, trees are ok, but you have to provide clear line of sight from 3-6ft
School experience increase level of crime due to predictable routines
Elderly Site Users:
Perceptual ability issues, especially sight and hearing
Hard to see small changes in grades
Visual clues should be provided
Comfortable seating
Walking is the most common exercise
Playgrounds and daycare facilities are considered complementary to elderly users
Sleeving
Sleeving - large diameter tube places under hardscape surface to allow the irrigation mainline or laterals to be routed through the property after placement of the hardscape.
Noise Control Techniques
Sound Walls
Need to be quite tall and dense to have an effect
Sound absorption approx 30 to 20 decibels
May increase noise elsewhere (bounce sounds back)
Visually overwhelming, expensive per linear foot
Visually monotonous
Earthen Berms
Softer surface, angled face can provide better sound mitigation than wall
Require more horizontal space
Less expensive than walls and fences
Can be planted to appear attractive
Vegetation
Does not absorb sound effectively (5 to 8 decibels per 100’ of width)
Requires more horizontal space
Most effective in high frequency ranges (above 1000-2000 Hertz)\
Psychological
If source of noise is not visible, impact may be reduced. Mask negative noise by adding positive sounds –running water, etc
Riparian corridor
riparian zone is an interface between land and a river or stream.
Residential lot types:
Deep, narrow, lots
Shallow wide lots (more costly)
Alley houses (place garages and the rear of the property)
Z-lots (zero lot line)
Accessibility, ADA
ADA parking spots closest to building entrances as well as to the shortest ADA path
All ADA routes are continuous
All ADA routes must follow general public to the greatest extent
The primary elements of the site must be accessible
If more than 5% it is a ramp
Maximum slope 8,33%
Maximum cross slope without handrails of 2.1% for paths and 2% for ramps
Territorial Reinforcement
companion to natural access control, uses design elements like plants, walls, and hardscape to define a sphere of influence. This way it is clear that a space is heavily maintained and controlled and would prevent from crime
Clay soils are:
-not ideal for stormwater infiltration
- shrink and expand dramatically
Watershed
The land area that contributes surface water to a specific location. Watershed boundaries defined by ridges.
Athletic Complexes
- Tend to generate Noise, traffic
- Sport field lighting is the major concern
- Should never be sited adjacent to residential areas
- Space in between sport and residential requires buffering
- Designed to serve entire community
- Well integrated into existing circulation network
- Access from main vehicular routes
- Baseball field orientation - northeast
- All other sport: north-south
Feasibility Studies
Market analysis
Development yield (доходность) of a site
Project permitting requirements
Estimated project timeline
Budget/funding mechanisms
Initial design concepts
Differential subsidence
subsidence occurs when soils beneath the building are unstable and sink downwards
dif subsidence - 2 points settle at different rates ( due to 2 different soil profiles)
Floodplains
area of land adjoining the water body that has been or may be covered by the floodwater
areas that accomodate floodwaters in excess of channel capacity by storing floodwater, thereby reducing peak flows downstream
Pedestrian safety at Intersections
Views to and from the crosswalk must be clear
Pedestrians are at risk whenever they ross a roadway
Crosswalks must be perpendicular to the roadway
Pedestrian Islands increase safety across crosswalks
Distances could be reduced with bulb-outs, neckdowns
Lower vehicle speed
Narrow roads are safer than wider ones to cross
Visible signage and lights
Overpass and underpass cross are not encouraged, cause they are not comfortable/accessible
Sustainable landscape maintenance strategies:
Reduce waste and carbon emissions produced by maintenance
Address the waste stream on site
Replace traditional pest management with integrated pest management (IPM)
Treat stormwater and run-off
Amend solis using organic matter
Control the spread of invasive species
General Site Circulation
- Connectivity (new circulation must connect to existing circulation)
- Align entries and exits
- Visible entries and exits (if multiple entries/exits should be a hierarchy)
- Establish a hierarchy (through scale, like larger streets or visual character, like high-end materials vs fewer details).
- All major circulation paths have to lead to entry/exits and key site feature
- Facilitate wayfinding. Colour is a poor choice for wayfinding, it does not convey hierarchy and does not work for all people.
- Hospitals do not follow all these principles. Hospital campuses should be divided into public/private zones. Private circulation should be self-contained and do not connect to adjacent public roads/
Channel
area of the floodplain where river/stream flows under normal conditions
Erosion control best practices
- Minimise the disturbance to the minimum
- Schedule grading to avoid periods of highest erosion potential (spring thaw, rainy seasons) and by favouring dry periods
- Limiting grading activities to the area of the site currently under construction
- Stabilising soils after grading, construction is complete (hydroseeding, mulching)
- Locating non-point pollution source away from steep slopes, erodible soils, areas that drain directly to the water body
- Covering and stabilising soil piles
- Constructing benches, terraces and ditches at a regular interval to minimise steep slope and reduce runoff velocity
- Lining drainage channels with stabilising materials (rip rap каменная наброска)
- Adding check dams in swales or channels to reduce runoff velocity
Site Inventory and Analysis
Site Inventory - is a process of documenting various site data
Site Analysis - follow site inventory, requires LA to interpret the site inventory data to make conclusions relevant to the design process.
Site design on hot, humid climates
- Avoid using solid walls and earthworks that block cooling winds
- Use high canopy trees, open planting patterns to maximise evaporation and cooling winds
- Provide shade structures with high ceilings/venting
Greenfield sites:
have not been previously developed or extensively graded, or land that has been used for agriculture
Parks and Trail Master Plan
Organised around political/social boundaries as well as ecological resources
Include: environmental. Recreational. Scenic, cultural, historic, transportation, urban design elements.
Should accomplish following:
- Protect natural resources and wildlife
- Provide space for public recreation
- Enhance sense of community through providing public space
- Create new/support existing cultural infrastructure
- Support economic development initiatives
- Promote general public health
- Augment existing development patters
(Augment - make (something) greater by adding to it)
Cut and Fill steps:
1 - site preparation
2 - bulk excavation
3 - backfilling/fine grading
4 - finish surfacing
Landscape lighting should be used on a site for:
-Improving the legibility of pedestrian circulation
- Enhancing safety
- Encouraging nighttime use of a site
- Minimizing the potential damage to the property
- Introducing the hierarchy of a site uses through the variable intensity of lighting
- Improving views of the landscape from well-lit interior spaces
Park, open space, trails master plan
Protect wildlife
Provide space for public recreation
Enhance the sense of community
Create/support cultural infrastructure
Redevelopment Plan
( Economic Development Plan)
Seeks to improve the financial situation of businesses and
workers within a community.
Promote economic development, quality of life, especially in underdeveloped areas or in need of economic revitalization. (brownfield/greyfields sites)
Redevelopment can be drafted because:
Responding to competition from nearby communities
Addressing loss of major industry
Promoting community to specific industries
Tackling economic stagnation
Creating tax revenues
Finding uses for underutilized spaces
Professional Liability Insurance
errors and omissions insurance, purchased to protect a professional services firm (architects, surveyors, landscape architects) from claims of negligence or failing to perform their professional duties. Bodily harm or physical damage is not covered by this one.
claims of negligence
Landslides
maybe caused by:
heavy rains
extreme topo
unstable soils
construction activity
loose of vegetation
Windbreaks:
Woody, evergreen vegetation is better suited, should be at least 3 plants deep to be effective
Deciduous plants do not block wind during winter
Vegetation should be placed at the direct path of prevailing wind with adequate spacing from the structure - at least half of their height away from the structure to provide sufficient dead-air space
Taller and thicker plants provide superior protection from wind
Principles of TOD:
High density, mixed use
Mitigate urban sprawl
Housing for all price ranges
Reduce parking requirements
Encourage use of public transit
Create walkable communities
Site design on temperate climates
Site design on temperate climates
- Promote shade and evaporative cooling during summer months
- Block winter winds without disrupting summer wind patterns
- Locate uses and structures along southern orientation (SSE to SSW) to promote
Streetscape Elements
Paving (selected based on - climate, safety considerations, and overall character, Could be used to determine street hierarchy, and increase safety). Overly complex patterns may disorient people with visual impairments.
Planting (shade, barrier, air quality, visual character)
Lighting (safety, increased visibility, wayfinding, avoid light pollution)
Furnishings (should never be located int he middle of circulation path, L shape benches best encourage interaction)
Public and Private Amenities (public utility boxes, parking meters, signage, outdoor dining)
Irrigation
- Irrigation zones (group of plants with similar water needs) are separated by valves, with 1 valve controlling 1 zone.
- Multiple methods could ve used within 1 irrigation system, but only 1 method per irrigation zone. All zones are controlled by a control unit - controller.
- Irrigation should happen at night or at early morning
- Changes in elevation will affect water pressure. Each foot of vertical elevation gain reduces available pressure by 0.433 psi
- Water velocity passing through the irrigation pipes (laterals) should be 5 feet per second
- Excess pressure could lead to water hammering, broken laterals, overspray
Estuary
Semi-enclosed coastal body of water connected to open sea. Strongly affected by tidal, contain brackish water
Brick
+
Non glare non-skid surface (Небликующая нескользящая поверхность)
Wide color range
Easily reaired
-
High Installation cost
Difficult to clean
Can disintegrate in cold winter
Susceptible to different settlement and efflorescence (выцветанию)
ADA measurements
- more than 5% considered a ramp
- maximum ADA slope is 8,33% (1:12)
- ADA accessible walkways without handrails should have a max cross slope of 2.1% (1:48) and ramps a cross slope of 2% (1:50)
stairways are the most significant barrier for the ADA
Bicycle Lanes
A portion of a larger roadway is designated for bicycles. Delineated by signs, markings, textured strips
5-6 ft
Regional Plans ,
Implementation program contains:
Implementation program contains:
Implementation schedule
Development criteria
Monitoring and evaluation
Coordination between government units
Proposed legislative changes
Infiltration rate
the rate of speed at which water moves through soil through the small pores
Framework Plan are generally structured as:
a series of independent elements that come together within the plan structure
Sustainable Turf Maintenance
- Natural lawn practices
- Fewer moving events
- Aeration
- Overseeding with grass suitable for microclimate
- Slow, deep, less frequent watering will produce healthier conditions
Objectives of public outreach
specific statements that suggest how goals are going to be accomplished, more action oriented
Urban Plans contain:
Executive summary
Existing conditions
Analysis drawings
Strength and weaknesses
Development program (market studies)
Urban design plans
Street framework plan
Open space framework plan
Design guidelines
Implementation plan
LID techniques:
Green roofs
Bioretentions
Rainwater harvesting systems
Improve water quality
Reduce runoff volume
More pervious surface
Stormwater runoff NEVER goes directly into body of water or wetland
Topography and presence of water feature will dictate where stormwater features will be located
Recharge (hydrology)
refers to the water that infiltrates the surface and percolates downward to infiltrate the underlying water table
Parking and Loading Requirements
- parking space shall be 9’x20’ [2.7m x 6m]
- Parallel parking spaces min length of 22’ and a min width of 9’.
- Parking lots with more than forty (40) spaces shall have a max of 10 contiguous spaces without an island. Min width of an island – 9’
- Parking areas must be graded at a slope not to exceed 5%
- No dead end parking areas shall be permitted
Bid Alternates
Additive alternates: As the budget allows, bid alternates are added to the base in a predefined order to establish the low bid.
Deductive alternates :To meet the budget, bid alternates are deducted from the base scope in a predefined order to result in a contract that fits the budget
Grading, slope character in %:
Slope= rise/run
0-3% nearly level
3-7% gently sloping
7-12% moderately sloping
12-25% strongly sloping
25-40% strongly sloping
40-70% very steeply sloping
>70% extreme slope
2% - minimum slope necessary for a site to shed water and have a proper drainage.
Site master plans used to:
Incorporate public feedback into site development
Outline a phased-growth plan for future site development
consider how sustainable design measures could be incorporated
highlight critical cultural and environmental resources
identify maximum potential development to the site
(20-30 years timeline)
Elderly Site Users (ESU)
- characterized by diminished perceptual abilities, especially vision, and hearing
- ESU have difficulties seeing small changes in grade. Visual cues should be provided at all grade changes
- provide comfortable seating
- walking paths are the most common exercise for elder Americans
- playgrounds and daycare facilities are considered to be complimentary uses for ESU
Environmental Goals:
Conserve natural resources
Protect sensitive ecosystems
Preserve biodiversity
Consider development intensity and location
Reduce pollution
Comprehensive plans (CP)
Address the following subjects:
Land Use
Economic Development
Natural and cultural resources
Housing
Transportation
Utilities
Demographics
Community facilities (utilities, parks, open space)
**
Critical and sensitive areas
Agricultural lands
Natural Hazards
Historic Preservation Plan
Historic/ cultural restoration and preservation plans are used to identify, preserve and restore cultural and historic resources.
Estimating Cut and Fill
Estimating Cut and Fill
There are 3 basic techniques for estimating cut and fill:
Average End Area
Grid
Contour Planes
Design Development
DD, key goals and activities:
Team roles and responsibilities
Interdisciplinary coordination needs
Establish conventions (quality control, CAD protocols, cost estimating)
Confirm Permitting/regulatory approval requirements
Deadlines and production schedule
Mock-ups and projected document set and specifications
Refine construction budget
(53-54 LAD Standards)
Selection of stakeholders:
Are directly impacted by an issue or project
Have jurisdiction or control over sth relevant to the project
Possess specialist knowledge related to the project
Directly represent or are connected to influential social/ community networks
