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LARE 2 > LARE 2 > Flashcards

LARE 2 Flashcards

1
Q

floor area ratio (FAR)

A

total building area / parcel area; area of all floors of a building compared to total site area

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2
Q

promontory

A

point of high land that juts out into a large body of water

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3
Q

hydrosphere

A

combined mass of water on, under, or above Earth’s surface

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4
Q

fen

A

peat-forming, groundwater-fed wetland; less acidic than bogs, higher nutrient levels; not forested

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5
Q

set-aside

A

type of public-project contracting process or requirement for small or disadvantaged businesses (not real estate)

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6
Q

variance

A

used to formally acknowledge and address lot size or shape variation in relation to other, similarly-designed lots; modification or waiving of provisions of code as applied to a specific property

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7
Q

hydric soil

A

highly saturated soil where little to no usable oxygen is present (anaerobic)

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8
Q

traversing

A

survey technique that describes area of land by means of a series of connected lines; may be open or closed (e.g. roads = open, property bounds = closed)

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9
Q

stadia measurements

A

way of determining distance based on height observation of a 6ft object; technique of distance measurement where the observer reads the intercept subtended on a graduated rod between two marks on the reticle of the telescope, based on the height observation of a 6’ object

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10
Q

leveling

A

surveying process of determining the difference in elevation between two or more points by measuring the vertical distance between two points; typically used to determine the topography of a site

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11
Q

chaining

A

process for taking vertical measurements; typically done on extremely hilly sites; one Gunter’s chain (surveying tape) = 66’ long; convenient in cadastral surveys bc 10 sq chains = 1 ac

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12
Q

fasciation

A

plant growth disorder causing single stem to appear as if it were several stems fused together; caused by frost, insect, or physical damage to a stem early in development

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13
Q

plasticity (soil)

A

ability of a soil to become deformed without breaking apart

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14
Q

elasticity (soil)

A

ability of a soil to return to original shape after being subjected to a load condition

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15
Q

liquid limit (soil)

A

minimum moisture content at which soil will flow under its own weight

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16
Q

USGS quadrangle map

A

shows structures, topo, water, roadways; township, range, and section information; new construction since last printing generally shown in purple; 1 degree of latitude and 1 degree-30min to 1 degree-35min longitude

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17
Q

assessor’s map

A

used to locate buildings and land in order to establish or determine their worth

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18
Q

ADA walkway slopes (no handrails)

A

cross slope < 2%; overall slope < 5%

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19
Q

geodetic survey

A

when surveys are of such a wide extent that curvature of the earth is important; makes use of a coordinate system to locate points on earth

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20
Q

metes and bounds

A

legal description of a parcel; starts from point of beginning then traces outline of the property’s boundary lines until there is closure in the legal description. Natural and artificial monuments can both be used as metes and bounds (e.g. rivers, roads, trees, etc.)

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21
Q

cadastral survey

A

made to resurvey or retrace the boundaries of municipalities and of state, federal jurisdictions and other public lands within the Public Land Survey Systems of the US

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22
Q

boundary survey

A

made by traversing; process of locating property lines by establishing property corners of a parcel for building permit purposes, locating easement lines, or resolving property disputes

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23
Q

abatement

A

removal or elimination of a problem, usually significant to public health and safety

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24
Q

arterial (street type)

A

generally have 2 or more moving lanes, traffic signals, may be truck or bus routes; intended to move traffic through an area; major has network for inter- and intra-city traffic, minor is secondary and moves traffic intra-city

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25
Q

collector (street type)

A

connect residential and local streets and neighborhoods to each other, bringing traffic out of neighborhoods and onto arterial streets

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26
Q

building intensity standards

A

consider bulk and concentration of physical development uses permitted in a district. e.g. lot coverage (LC), floor area ratio (FAR), open space ratio (OSR), height landscape volume ratio (LVR), building volume ratio (BVR)

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27
Q

chicanes

A

midblock curb extensions on alternating sides of the street to create s-curves and calm traffic

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28
Q

boulevard

A

street lined with trees or constructed with a landscaped middle

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29
Q

cluster development

A

pattern of development in which industrial/commercial facilities and homes are grouped on parcels to leave other parts of land undeveloped. ZOs often allow smaller lot sizes if structures are part of cluster development where some land is left as open space

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30
Q

covenant

A

written agreement between two or more parties in which a party or parties pledge to perform or not perform specified acts on a property, usually found in real estate documents

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31
Q

restrictive covenant

A

agreement included in a deed that restricts/limits a property buyer’s future use of that property

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32
Q

conveyance

A

written instrument used to transfer or convey title of a property i.e. a deed

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33
Q

deed

A

document that transfers ownership of real estate, containing names of old and new owners, a legal description of the property, and signed by the seller

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34
Q

deed of trust

A

legal document that conveys title to a real property to a 3rd party, who holds the title until the owner has paid the debt in full (i.e. mortgage)

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35
Q

quit claim deed

A

Used for transfers between family members, gifts, to eliminate clouds on a title, or other unusual circumstances

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36
Q

open space ratio (OSR)

A

proportion of the site required to remain as open space used for rec, ag, or resource protection

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37
Q

ordinance

A

formal legislative enactment by a governing body; can’t be in conflict with any higher form of law

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38
Q

planned unit development (PUD)

A

project or subdivision that consists of common property and improvements that are maintained by an owner’s association for the benefit and use of individual units within

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39
Q

sight-line triangle

A

a setback at a street-driveway intersection that restricts anyone from placing view obstructions at the height of the driver’s line of sight, at a specified horizontal distance related to street design speed

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40
Q

specific area plan (SAP)

A

legal tool for detailed design/implementation of a defined portion of an area in a master plan; may include all detailed regulations, conditions, programs, and/or proposed legislation that may be necessary or convenient for the systematic implementation of any masterplan element(s)

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41
Q

work plan

A

defines work to be completed; includes deadlines, cost per task, parties responsible for work

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42
Q

thematic map

A

single attribute is mapped in ranges usually graphically represented in colors (e.g. plant hardiness zones)

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43
Q

chloropleth map

A

illustrates elevation changes by creating a few elevation changes, usually represented by color; or, type of statistical thematic map that uses pseudocolor, i.e., color corresponding with an aggregate summary of a geographic characteristic within spatial enumeration units, such as population density or per-capita income

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44
Q

true north

A

directional line between any position on earth to the True North Pole; longitude/meridian lines are all True North

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45
Q

magnetic north

A

direction to the Magnetic North Pole (southern pole of earth’s central magnet); shown by a needle on a compass

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46
Q

grid north

A

established by vertical grid lines during map making; symbolized with GN or Y

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47
Q

hard corner

A

center of a 15-minute map of an area; corner where both lat and long end in 30-degree seconds; only one hard corner per 7.5-minute map

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48
Q

declination chart

A

shown at the bottom of a topo map to show differences between true, magnetic, and grid North

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49
Q

base plan

A

plan done first to move forward with grading, utilities, site analysis; includes topo, property lines, building locations

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50
Q

function diagram

A

e.g. program or bubble diagram; comes before a site plan, considers connections and program relationships but not scale or location

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51
Q

Phase 1 Environmental Site Assessment (ESA)

A

applies to superfund sites with hazardous materials. Per ASTM: it requires a more thorough review of records, a site visit, an interview with owner/operator of property, and report documentation

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52
Q

soil inventory

A

includes pH, permeability, erosion potential, depth to bedrock, depth to seasonal high water table

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53
Q

angle of repose

A

Max angle of a stable slope for a given soil, determined by friction, cohesion, and shapes of particles

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54
Q

bearing capacity (soil)

A

measure of a soil to decrease in volume under the pressure of a given weight (use for sizing footings)

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55
Q

compressive strength

A

Max load a material can sustain before crushing or buckling

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56
Q

liquefaction (soil)

A

when soil begins to act like liquid (earthquakes)

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57
Q

loam

A

mix of 2 or more soil ingredients; loam soils typically have good balance between sand and silt, little clay; 40% sand, 40% silt, 20% clay

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58
Q

mineral soil

A

properties determined mostly by mineral matter; usually <20% organic matter

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59
Q

shear strength

A

Soil’s resistance to the pressure of a downhill force

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60
Q

unified soil classification system (USCS)

A

most widely used; classifies soil according to properties that affect use as construction material; grain size distribution, plasticity index, liquid limit, organic matter content…low liquid limit > high, narrow range between plastic to liquid better

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61
Q

AASHTO classification system

A

soil classification system of the American Association of State Highway Officials; defines soil by suitability for highway sub-grade use; groups A-D: A = sand/gravel, high infiltration rate > D = slow infiltration, clays

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62
Q

friable

A

soil that is easily broken into smaller pieces with little effort

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63
Q

common plant pH range preference

A

5.5-7

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64
Q

soil type erodability

A

silt > clay > loam > sand

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65
Q

igneous rock

A

formed from solidification of molten rock material; e.g. granite, basalt, pumice

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66
Q

sedimentary rock

A

formed when sediments are deposited by wind, water, gravity, etc. and pressure forces them together into rock layers; e.g. limestone, sandstone, shale, most common rocks

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67
Q

shrinkage limit

A

water content expressed as a percent of weight of oven dried soil - can’t get any drier

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68
Q

Atterberg limits

A

soil changes from solid -> semi-solid -> plastic -> liquid as water is added to dry soil

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69
Q

proctor test

A

used to determine max density of soil needed for project; tests effects of moisture on density; expressed as % of density

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70
Q

modified proctor method (soil testing)

A

uses equivalent energy or comparative effort; requires 4.5x more effort than standard proctor method; used where foundations will go and where no settlement can be tolerated

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71
Q

sand cone test

A

used to determine density of natural or compacted soil and used mainly for stability analysis

72
Q

static compaction (soil)

A

deadweight of machine applying downward force; only gets upper layers; add more weight to compact more

73
Q

vibratory compaction (soil)

A

uses an engine to make downward force in addition to static weight

74
Q

nuclear density (soil testing)

A

uses radioactive isotope source at soil surface from a probe placed into soil, gives off photons/gamma rays, radiate back to meter detectors; dense soil absorbs radiation more than loose soil

75
Q

soil modulus

A

elastic soil parameter most commonly used in the estimation of settlement from static loads; lower values for clay, higher values for silt

76
Q

erosion factor k

A

susceptibility of soil to sheet and rill erosion by water. 0.05-0.69. higher more susceptible

77
Q

erosion factor T

A

estimate of average annual rate of erosion (by wind or water) that can happen without affecting soil productivity over an amount of time; tons per acre per year

78
Q

What can cause a slide or slump on a site with sloping clay and shale layers?

A

Loading with structures, adding irrigation, or adding a septic system

79
Q

rough grade

A

slope of the land before adding plantings or hardscape; different from natural grade (original grade of land)

80
Q

effect of weathered concrete on adjacent soils

A

makes them overly alkaline (basic) with CaCO3; add sulphur to neutralize

81
Q

grading around houses/structures

A

1” per 1’ (8.33%) for first 6’ from structure

82
Q

permeability

A

number of inches per hour that water can infiltrate saturated soil

83
Q

5 wetland categories

A

marine, estuarine, riverine, palustrine (marshes, bogs, swamps; salinity >0.5%), lacustrine (lakes, reservoirs/in a depression)

84
Q

What factors affect runoff?

A

topography, length of storm, overall size of watershed, amount of veg in watershed; NOT size of catch basin

85
Q

hub (surveying)

A

surveying marker that is magnetized for easy detection and zinc plated to resist corrosion; large center point and looks like standard survey marker

86
Q

marking whiskers

A

alternative marking choice for survey and construction sites, underground locating and many other uses; spring back up when run over by equipment

87
Q

link

A

aka Gunter’s link; surveying measurement; 7.92”

88
Q

pole

A

5.5 yds, 16.5’, one rod

89
Q

acreage of square mile

A

640 acres; same as standard section diagram

90
Q

acreage of standard section diagram

A

640 acres (one square mile)

91
Q

rod types

A

Philadelphia: feet and hundredths of a foot; California: feet, inches, eighths of inches

92
Q

mortgage survey

A

shows property bounds and buildings but no topo

93
Q

plot plan survey

A

shows ext/prop items, contours, site boundaries

94
Q

point of beginning

A

origination and destination of a metes and bounds legal description

95
Q

principal meridian

A

longitudinal starting line from which range is measured to the East and West

96
Q

quadrangle map (quad)

A

map with a roughly rectangular extent, defined by the four angles of its corners, which are often regularly spaced based on latitude and longitude. Often simply refers to a 7.5-minute map. Most show contours and elevations, highways, roads and other man-made structures, water features, woodland areas, bench marks, triangulation stations (some), geographic names, section lines, etc.

97
Q

rational method

A

Q=ciA

Where…
Q=rate of runoff (peak discharge in cfs)
c=runoff coefficient
i=rainfall intensity (in/hr)
A=drainage area (acres)

98
Q

conceptual design

A

iterative process involving the spatial organization of the project’s basic components

99
Q

ALTA survey

A

American Land Title Association; type of survey done during sale of property or for title issues that shows property boundaries, easements, rights of way/other access info, topography, building locations, flood zone classification

100
Q

Acreage of a Section of land (US Public Land Survey System map)

A

640 sq acres (1 sq mi)

101
Q

three fundamental precepts of site planning

A

design with nature, design places for people, design with culture

102
Q

ratio scale

A

divides one attribute by another; e.g. topo slope maps divide slope’s change in elevation by its length

103
Q

key performance indicator

A

measurable value used to evaluate success of a particular building or landscape

104
Q

site analysis

A

a diagnostic process that identifies opportunities and constraints for a specific land use program

105
Q

min drop for which guardrail is required

A

30”

106
Q

azimuth

A

angle between North, measured clockwise around the observer’s horizon, and a celestial body like the sun

107
Q

aspect

A

the compass direction that a terrain surface faces

108
Q

Geographic Coordinate System

A

spherical or ellipsoid coordinate system for measuring and communicating positions directly on the Earth

109
Q

Sanborn map

A

19th-20th century detailed maps of cities made for fire insurance purposes

110
Q

site inventory categories

A

biological, cultural, physical

111
Q

NRCS maps

A

rank soils by the limitations they present using ordinal scale

112
Q

ordinal scale

A

displays a gradation or ranking

113
Q

five factors to consider when preparing to communicate project info graphically

A

1) message 2) medium 3) audience 4) setting 5) time

114
Q

aliquot

A

equal portion of land subdivided that can be described by the cardinal direction of the section

115
Q

square miles in a township

A

36 sq mi

116
Q

square miles in a section

A

1 sq mi

117
Q

environmental site assessment (ESA)

A

summarizes site’s ownership and land use history, in addition to current soil and groundwater conditions

118
Q

Metes and bounds

A

Survey that describes land by boundary dimensions and shapes

119
Q

Ordinance benchmarks

A

Permanent reference points of known height, established by the Ordinance Survey at a known height above the Ordinance datum

120
Q

Foresighting

A

Process to determine elevation of object; vertical distance from line of sight to the object

121
Q

Backsighting

A

Vertical distance from line of sight to the benchmark; helps check for accuracy during leveling process

122
Q

Plat

A

Prepared to legally document and record information about a parcel of land; shows property ownership, ext utilities, property dimensions, reference points, bearings, ext buildings and services in and around parcel

123
Q

Proffer

A

Guarantee made by developer or owner to provide a service or amenity in exchange for municipal approval of a plan

124
Q

Take down

A

Portion of the subdivided parcel of land that is bought at a given time

125
Q

Clean Water Act

A

1977, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act law became known as the Clean Water Act; made point source pollution into waterways illegal; funded sewage treatment plants; gave EPA authority to control pollution; set water quality standards

126
Q

National pollutant discharge elimination system (NPDES)

A

Controls water pollution by regulating point sources that discharge pollutants into WOTUS

127
Q

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

A

1970; requires federal agencies to consider environmental impacts in their decision making processes

128
Q

Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act (PL 83-566)

A

1954; NRCS; provides for cooperation between the Federal government and the States and their political subdivisions to address resource concerns due to erosion, floodwater, and sediment and provide for improved utilization of the land and water resources

129
Q

CSI

A

Construction Specification Institute; national association for creating standards and formats to improve construction documents and project delivery; cross-professional

130
Q

Bond

A

three party instrument that protects one party from another party defaulting; in the event of default, 3rd party is legally bound to offset resulting damages

131
Q

Topo survey contours are considered accurate to…

A

One half the contour interval

132
Q

Comfortable landscape steps: two risers + one tread = X inches

A

X = 27 inches

133
Q

Min distance between two local streets intersecting perpendicularly with a collector street

A

150 feet

134
Q

Rec facilities will increasingly depend on funding from…

A

Special interest groups

135
Q

Min pavement width for one-lane bike path

A

5’6” (66”)

136
Q

How many seats for informal gathering and conversation?

A

1-3

137
Q

Number of seating spaces for urban plaza (Wm Whyte)

A

1 lf per 30 sf of plaza

138
Q

Width and slope of comfortable 2-way outdoor wheelchair ramp

A

5’ min width, 8.33% max slope (1:12)

139
Q

mass wasting

A

movement of rock or soil down slopes under the force of gravity; e.g. rock falls, slumps, and debris flows

140
Q

All but the MOST flood-tolerant development should be excluded from the ____-year floodplain

A

50 year floodplain

141
Q

_____ texture may overrule or dominate qualities of form & color

A

coarse

142
Q

Hall’s (1966) social distances

A

Public zone 12’+
Social zone 4-12’
Personal zone 1.5-4’
Intimate zone <1.5’

143
Q

Well-graded soil

A

Wide range and even distribution of particle sizes; best for roads

144
Q

Poorly graded soil

A

All particles approximately the same size

145
Q

greenfield

A

Land that is undeveloped or used for agricultural purposes
-can be in city, suburbs, or rural;
-least expensive for development

146
Q

community resource inventory

A

Maps ecological and cultural resources such as forests, floodplains, wetlands, farmland, aquifers, significant wildlife habitat, scenic views, archaeological sites, historic structures

147
Q

Objective of the inventory and analysis process

A

Ensure compatibility between proposed land use and existing site resources

148
Q

ratio method slope

A

Rise:run
e.g. 8.33% slope = 1:12

149
Q

albedo

A

Measurement of an object’s reflectivity; measures fraction of solar energy reflected from a surface back into space

150
Q

aquifer

A

Water-bearing layer of permeable rock, sand, or gravel

151
Q

drainage wind

A

Wind that blows from higher to lower elevation

152
Q

Min slope for proper site drainage

A

2%

153
Q

chlorosis

A

yellowish leaves with green veins; caused by iron deficiency from overwatering and/or lack of aeration

154
Q

marsh

A

Wetland characterized by herbaceous veg no taller than 6’

155
Q

100-year floodplain components

A

Channel, floodway, flood fringe

156
Q

project program

A

Includes list of goals & objectives, elements to be included in the design, special requirements for the design to fulfill

157
Q

functional use diagram

A

Drawing that illustrates the relationship between project elements without being drawn to scale or in relationship to the site

158
Q

frequency seen map

A

Characterizes the visibility of locations from two or more viewing points

159
Q

most important, productive, diverse ecosystem type

A

Salt marsh

160
Q

sight distance study

A

Used to determine location of vehicular access points and take into account: visibility, location of proposed access point, its relationship to other existing access points and the speed and volume of traffic flowing along the prop point of access

161
Q

CPTED

A

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design

162
Q

Which slope aspect offers most desirable microclimates?

A

Southeastern slopes

163
Q

Gap graded soil

A

Contains various particle sizes but gradation between sizes is broken by absence of some particle sizes

164
Q

Uniformly graded soil

A

Single range of particle size

165
Q

exaction

A

payment to the local or county government to mitigate development impacts

166
Q

pro forma financial statement

A

financial statements forecasted for future periods

167
Q

tennis court dimensions

A

78’ x 27 or 36’ (doubles)

168
Q

max comfortable grade for parking lot

A

~6%

169
Q

line of sight

A

3 degrees up or down from viewer’s eyes

170
Q

5 elements of urban form

A

edges, paths (most important role in giving order to the city), districts, nodes, landmarks

171
Q

military crest

A

point on a hill from which the entire slope can be seen

172
Q

biological oxygen demand (BOD)

A

amount of oxygen consumed by bacteria/microorganisms while they decompose

173
Q

bench terrace

A

conservation measure on sloped lands; cut/fill; promotes infiltration

174
Q

When to conduct shade studies?

A

9am, 12pm, 3pm, and 5pm at the summer and winter solstices, (6/21, 12/21) and spring and fall equinox (3/21, 9/21)

175
Q

What is the best plant material for noise reduction?

A

broadleaf evergreen

176
Q

level at which ear pro is recommended

A

85 decibels

177
Q

for noise inventory/analysis, consider:

A

● Intensity
● Source
● Duration
● Direction
● Type

LARE 2 (1 decks)

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