Language ZOO

Question 1

Scala

Answer 1

typing: static
garbage collection: yes
Objects, subtyping, inheritance: yes
traits: yes
pattern matching: yes
default API Mutability: immutable/mutable
first class functions: yes
parametric polymorphism: yes

Question 2

Java

Answer 2

typing: static
garbage collection: yes
Objects, subtyping, inheritance: yes
traits: yes
pattern matching: no
default API Mutability: mutable
first class functions: yes
parametric polymorphism: yes

Question 3

C

Answer 3

typing: static
garbage collection: no
Objects, subtyping, inheritance: no
traits: no
pattern matching: no
default API Mutability: mutable
first class functions: no(function pointers, no closures)
parametric polymorphism: no (use macros)

Question 4

C++

Answer 4

typing: static
garbage collection: no
Objects, subtyping, inheritance: yes
traits: no
pattern matching: no
default API Mutability: mutable
first class functions: yes
parametric polymorphism: yes(templates)

Question 5

Python

Answer 5

typing: dynamic
garbage collection: yes
Objects, subtyping, inheritance: yes
traits: no
pattern matching: no
default API Mutability: mutable
first class functions: yes
parametric polymorphism: no(dynamically typed)

Question 6

C#

Answer 6

typing: static
garbage collection: yes
Objects, subtyping, inheritance: yes
traits: yes
pattern matching: no
default API Mutability: mutable
first class functions: yes
parametric polymorphism: yes

Question 7

PHP

Answer 7

typing: dynamic
garbage collection: yes
Objects, subtyping, inheritance: yes
traits: no
pattern matching: no
default API Mutability: mutable
first class functions: yes
parametric polymorphism: no

Question 8

JavaScript

Answer 8

typing: dynamic
garbage collection: yes
Objects, subtyping, inheritance: yes/no
traits: no
pattern matching: no
default API Mutability: mutable
first class functions: yes
parametric polymorphism: no

Question 9

Haskell

Answer 9

typing: static
garbage collection: yes
Objects, subtyping, inheritance: no
traits: yes/no (type classes)
pattern matching: yes
default API Mutability: immutable
first class functions: yes
parametric polymorphism: yes

Question 10

Kotlin

Answer 10

typing: static
garbage collection: yes
Objects, subtyping, inheritance: yes
traits: yes
pattern matching: no
default API Mutability: mutable
first class functions: yes
parametric polymorphism: yes

Question 11

Rust

Answer 11

typing: static
garbage collection: no
Objects, subtyping, inheritance: no
traits: yes/no (type classes)
pattern matching: yes
default API Mutability: mutable
first class functions: yes
parametric polymorphism: yes

Question 12

Lisp

Answer 12

typing: dynamic
garbage collection: yes
Objects, subtyping, inheritance: no(library)
traits: no
pattern matching: no(library)
default API Mutability: mutable(common LISP/Scheme); immutable(Clojure)
first class functions: yes
parametric polymorphism: no

Question 13

Where is Scala used?

Answer 13

finance, web
Twitter, Coursera, NYT, Guardian
known for: mixing object-oriented and functional programming

Question 14

Where is used?

Answer 14

web back ends, android apps, business
Minecraft
known for: JVM platform, bit verbose, FoobarFactoryFacadeImplementation

Question 15

Where is C used?

Answer 15

systems programming, embedded systems, squeeze out last bit of performance
DOOM, Linux/Unix/Windows/OSX Kernel, Git
known for: small language, low level

Question 16

Where is C++ used?

Answer 16

games, systems programming, embedded systems, squeeze out last bit of performance
Most AAA-games, Unity, Unreal, browsers
known for: low level (higher than C), complex language

Question 17

Where is Python used?

Answer 17

data analysis, machine learning, server side web programming
YouTube, Instagram, AlphaGo
known for: slow, easy to get started, whitespace indentation, initially developed at “centrum wiskunde & informatica”

Question 18

Where is C# used?

Answer 18

business, web, games
Stack overflow, banks, indie games, unity in-engine language
known for: developed by Microsoft, similar to Java

Question 19

Where is PHP used?

Answer 19

web back end
Facebook, Wikipedia
known for: used with HTML, considered badly designed, intended for non-programmers

Question 20

Where is JavaScript used?

Answer 20

web front-end
any interactive webpage
known for: the only language for client side web programming, nothing to do with Java, developed in 10 days, confusing

Question 21

Where is Haskell used?

Answer 21

finance, programming language research
Facebook spam filter, Standard Chartered trading software, Glasgow Haskell Compiler
known for: influential, lazy evaluation, type inference, type classes(monads)

Question 22

Where is Kotlin used?

Answer 22

android development, banking software
android apps
known for: new JVM language, endorsed by Google, string cannot be null

Question 23

Where is Rust used?

Answer 23

systems programming, as modern and safe alternative to C and C++
Firefox, Libra, Discord
know for: ownership types instead of manual management, functional systems programming

Question 24

Where is Lisp used?

Answer 24

programming language research in the past, AI research in the past, Web back end(Clojure)
Emacs LISP, Walmart Data management systems
known for: minimal, code as data(homoiconic), metaprogramming(macros), very influential, used for books about structure and interpretations of computer programs

Question 25

TIOBE

Answer 25

programming language popularity index based on numbers of search engine results

Question 26

PYPL

Answer 26

ranks based on number of search engine searches

Question 27

IEEE

Answer 27

ranks based on a combination of engine