Language transfer Flashcards
acabar
to finish/end
andar
to take(travel) to continue to go about
aprender
to learn
caer/caerse
to fall
cantar
to sing
comenzar
to start
comer
to eat
comprar
to buy
conducir
to lead/drive
conocer
to know/meet
construir
to build
contar
to count/tell
creer
to believe
dar
to give
dormir
to sleep
entrar
to enter
escribir
to write
estudiar
to study
gustar
to please
haber
to have(as in done something)
hablar
to speak
hacer
to do/make
form after haber is hecho
debría haberlo hecho (i should have done it) (note the “to” form of haber after another changed verb.
hecho can be an adjective to be done (esta hecho) it is done.
also un hecho is a fact
ir/irse
to go
leer
to read
llamar/llamarse
to call
llevar
to take (wear, transport, carry)
mirar/mirarse
to watch
oir
to hear
pagar
to pay
pensar
to think (note to think on something can mean to plan on it. ie to think on eating means to plan on it).
perder
to lose (hook, perish)
poder
to be able to
poner/ponerse
to put
quedarse
to remain
saber
to know
salir
to go out
sentir/sentirse
to feel
estar
to be (state)
ser
to be (characteristic)
tener
to have (possession)
tomar
to take/consume
traer
to bring
venir
to come
ver
to see
vivir
to live
volver
to return
deber
to owe/must
decir
to say/tell
form after haber is decho
querer
to want
lavar
to wash
duchar
to shower
buscar
to look for
Ways to talk about future
context (mañana), I am going (voy a….) or with will and would.
how do you make will and would
For will use the sounds of haber (e and a) and push them and the accent into the future (the end of the verb). So e for I/me, emos for we, a an as for he/she/it/usd them you. For would just add ía ían ías íamos (here ía is for I/he/she/it/usd). note no matter the form or tense after a haber form is an -ado or -ido form.
how do we talk about the past
We can say I have …. with haber (he, ha, han, has, hamos note that the h is silent) and then what ever verb comes after has -ado or -ido ending. Or, we can think of the past as a line or a dot. We can also use the structure of I was going…. with iba a……
How to make the line past
use -aba and -ía as our base.
How to make the dot past
for -ar é aste ó amos aron for -er/ir í íste ó imos eron
english words ending -al
stay the same with different accents
english words ending in -ary
become -ario like Necessary to necessario.
english ending -ly
-mente in Spanish. Normalmente.
english words end -ing as an adjective. Like living being.
If you take off the ending and add -ante or -iente you change the verb to an adjective. Here living is an adjective not a verb. So it is un ser viviente.
english words ending in -ive to spanish like aggressive.
Change to -ivo for single masculine or neutral. Also we lose all double letters accept double n’s or r’s. Aggressive becomes agresivo.
many verbs with O and E when the accent stresses that sound
Spanish verb change “o” to “ue” like dormir to duermo and poder to puedo Change “e” to “ie” so tener to tiene and venir to viene Note that with the amos emos imos the accent often moves to not stress those sounds so they don’t split. -tain in English can be made into tener. So contener obtener mantener -pose in English can be made into poner. So suponer oponer
small words lo, la, las, los, se, me, te, nos; what do they mean and where do they go
Small words him her it you me we can go in front or the back of the unchanged verb (or progressive -ing form) but in the changed form must go in front of the changed verb.
Don’t mix up him for he. Him would be lo he is él.
So, lo la los las he she it them are direct object pronouns, used when a person or thing receives the action of the verb directly. For indirect ones they collapse into le and les (they don’t say him they say to him; lo dicen vs le dicen.
Now -self (reflexive) these all collapse into se. me te nos already hold all these meanings.
the indirect always goes before the direct and if two start with the same letter you convert a le+lo = se lo
Side note you the person is tu, you as in him her you is te and you as in an object is ti.
this that those these
This este or esta. These estos and estas (este for this masculine and los from those smash to estos). To get that and those just take the t out of the respective forms. That ese esa And those esos and esas.
so much as an adverb (modifier to adjective)
tan.
when do you put an “a” after a verb
If a movement verb goes before another verb “a” goes between. Ir, partir, salir, venir, correr, mover, solver, andar, llegar, regresar.
regressar
to return to go back to regress
llegar
to arrive to reach
correr
to run
caminar
to walk
partir
to leave, depart, divide
de el and a el become
del and al
verb reflection
Many verbs change meaning a bit when they are reflective. Quedar as in no me queda means I don’t have any left vs no me quedo I am not staying.
english words ending in -ant or -ent
Words ending in -ant or -ent can just add e like important to importante.
what form of verb do we use after prepositions like para por de en con a sin
we use the “to” form of the verb. (In English we tend to use the -ing forms but we do NoT do that in Spanish
how do you start to build a sentence
what is the verb? In the “to” form, is it ar/er/ir? What is the tense? Who is doing the verb and to what. Then build it.
intentar
tarar de
to try
to try or to be about
continuar
to continue
monstrar
to show
algo
something
si
yes or if
que
- (used to introduce a subordinate clause) that; Tenga en cuenta que algunas de estas características son diferentes.Note that some of these characteristics are different.
- (used to define the subject) who (person); El hombre que le salvó la vida a mi bebé está aquí.The man who saved my baby’s life is here.
which (thing); El libro que más ha influido en mí es este.The book which has had the greatest influence on me is this one.
that (thing); El pastel que me encanta es el de chocolate.The cake that I love is chocolate cake.
(used to define the object) who (person); Vi a la mujer que trabaja en el spa.I saw the woman who works in the spa.
which (thing); ¡Enséñame el vestido que llevaste en la fiesta!Show me the dress which you wore to the party!
that (thing); Ese es el teléfono que yo quiero.That’s the phone that I want.
como
cómo
como
- (comparative) like; Quiero ser como tú.I want to be like you.
- (used to express manner) as; Haz como te digo. Do as I say.
- (used to express a role or function) as; Uso mi teléfono como una computadora.I use my phone as a computer.
- (used to express cause) since; Como no estabas aquí, tomé la decisión por ti. Since you were not here, I made the decision for you.
- (used to express condition) if; Como llegues tarde al examen, no se te dará más tiempo.If you arrive late for the exam, you will
cómo
- (in what way) how; ¿Cómo hiciste para llegar tan rápido?How did you get here so quickly?
- (for what reason) why ¿Cómo no me pediste ayuda?Why didn’t you ask me for help?
- (used to express surprise) what; Se van a casar el mes que entra. - ¡Cómo!They are getting married next month. - What?
- (used to ask someone to repeat something) Sorry? ¿Cómo? Yo tampoco te oigo, debe de ser la línea.Sorry? I can’t hear you either, it must be the line.
Come again?
mental hook to view
veo, ver to see
mental hook he’s got savvy
saber to know
mental hook voyage
voy I go
pasar
to pass by (like to visit)
mental hook convenient
convenient for you to come (venir)
durar
to last like a period of time can also be used in place of por, like he talked for half an hour
habló por media hora (or) durante media hora
(see changing ending to -ante for adjective)
vender
to sell like a vending machine
build up the phrase clear to me
clarity to claridad to claro
esperar
to wait/to hope mental hook desperation
pero
but
I have to
tengo que
entender
to understand
comprender
to comprehend
comenzar
to commence
encontrar
to find
demonstrar
to demonstrate
preferir
to prefer
bienvenido
(well come) welcome
que viene or proximo
that comes or next
cocinar
to cook
they have spoken about it
lo han hablado (note you don’t need about, just they have spoken it)
sonar
to dream
para
for, as in something for you or in order to
de
of or on, like it depends on you the on would be de here
in spanish things don’t just break, who breaks them
they break themselves (they don’t mean this literally but on the verbs reflection works) contaminar means to contaminate but when something gets contaminated you say se contamina (it contaminates itself, though not really).
praecer
to seem
quemar
to burn
romper
roto
to break
broken
where to adjectives go
after the noun
por
is for as in because of (like I am here for (because of) you, or for as in a sense of time
cambiar
to change
after prepositions, so these little group of words, we’ve seen - para, por, de, en, con, a; following these words in English we put -ing. (Thank you for coming.) But in Spanish….
we just put the “to” form
already
ya
turning verbs into adjectives using haber form
if it makes sense can use the same -ado or -ido forms ie, the door is closed, uses closed as an adjective. So, cerrar to cerrado. Note when acting as an adjective it is subject to change like all adjectives so -os -a -as. ie she is a closed person, ella es una persona cerrada.
cansar
to tire the conversion to an adjective is how we get cansado.
Change ITY to
IDAD
Change ATE to infinitive by
AR
Change TION
ción (if it was ation to ción, drop the ción and add r and get a verb)
Change IC to
ICO
irregular verb change O to
UE (dormir to duermo)
irregular verb change E to
IE (tener to tienes)
GO-YO verbs
poner (pongo) salir (salgo) tener (tengo) hacer (hago) decir (dedo) venir (vengo)
endings for simple future (added no replacing) use the vowel sounds of haber
yo é tu ás el/ella á we emos they án
endings for ar preterite (dot)
yo é tu aste el/ella ó we amos they aron
endings for er/ir preterite (dot)
yo í tu iste el/ella ió we imos they ieron
endings for er/ir imperfect (line)
yo ía tu ías el/ella ía we íamos they ían
endings for ar imperfect (line)
yo aba tu abas el/ella aba we ábamos they aban
endings for conditional (added no replacing) would (use er/ir line past base)
yo ía tu ías el/ella ía we íamos they ían
progressive tenses
Estar (present, imperfect past, or future) + Gerund ending ando for ar and iendo for er/ir
perfect tenses (to have ….)
haber (to have) + other verb ar to ado er/ir to ido
present
he
has
ha
han
hemos
preterite vs imperfect past (dot vs line)
preterite single event at specific point. imperfect is ongoing without specific time point. describe habitual or repeated actions in the past or occurred at an unspecified time point or a person or place.
progressive vs perfect
progressive is things ongoing (ing in english) perfect is things completed (ed in english)
conseguir
seguir
to attain,to achieve
to fallow
corregir
to correct
despedirse
to say good bye
destruir
to destroy
divertirse
to enjoy oneself
leer
to read
mentir
to lie (falsehood)
morir
to die
version after haber is muerto so the ajective form is also meurto
pedir
to as (for) request
reir
to laugh
repetir
to repeat
seguir
to fellow
note conseguir (con with to come together) is to achieve to attain
servir
to serve
vestirse
to dress oneself
When you have a verb following another verb what form do you often use
Often the second verb has mixed noun/verb qualities if they same person/thing is doing both verbs and acting on the same person/thing. So, you use the “to” form for the second verb.
I would like to see you
me gustaria verte
I could have
I should have
Use poder in the would tense with contraction
Podría
debría
con
en
with
in or on
who
what
when
where
why
Quien
Que
Cuando
Donde
Por que
I am going…..
I was going….
voy a…
iba a….
No sé con cual quiere hacerlo
Where to prepositions go in spanish
I don’t know with which one he wants to do it, I don’t know which one he wants to do it with.
So, we don’t put the preposition at the end of the sentence in Spanish.
Lo interesante es que viven aquí.
How is Lo being used here
There’s a couple of interesting and useful things we can do with lo, it, in Spanish, which we can’t do in English. For example, when you want to say the interesting thing, the complicated thing is, the interesting thing is, the difficult thing about that is, instead of saying the word for thing, in Spanish you can just say, for example, lo interesante. Lo interesante means the interesting thing. So, you get the structure the interesting thing with lo interesante.
junto
to join, together
Facil
dificil
easy
difficult
In this form
in this manner
like this/like that
de esta forma
de esta manera
así
No quiero hablar de lo de Juan así.
what does form “lo de” mean
how is así used
I don’t want to speak about Juan’s business like this
lo de = the thing about
así = like this
enviar
to send (hook is envoy)
todavia
still or yet (toda, all like via in english way, all the way)
it was sent yesterday
think it sent itself yesterday
se envió ayer
there is no lo because it was “it” doing the verb to itself
ovidar
to forget
I was going to do it, but I forgot it.
Lo iba a hacer pero lo olvidé.
So past in the iba a…. form and because of verb verb form we have the “to” form.
nada
nadie
nadie vío nada
nothing (can be used like anything, I didn’t eat anything/nothing; no comí nada)
anyone/no one
nobody saw anything/nobody saw nothing
sin
without
parar
separar
reparar
comparar
to stop
to separate
to repair
to compair
(note, par as in pair in space and time, stoping. So se as in to take apart or undo to un pair. Re can in again to re pair, com is a softening of the N to M with the P con pair with pairing)
cosa
thing
sobre
debaj
delante de
detras de
on or about
underneath
in front of
behind
antes de
despues de
before
after
mismo
same as in same thing or same person
or just as in just in time
afuera or fuera
dentro
outside
inside
escuchar
to listen
acordarse
recordar
to remember
