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ESOL Praxis > Language Terms > Flashcards

Language Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Phonology

A

the study of the sound system of a language

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2
Q

Phoneme

A

the smallest sound made

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3
Q

monophthong

A

vowel sound with one phoneme–bit or bee

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4
Q

diphthong

A

complex speech sound or glide that begins with one vowel and gradually changes to another vowel within the same syllable

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5
Q

stop

A

a consonant sound characterized by the momentary blocking (occlusion) of some part of the oral cavity.
(p, b, d, t, k, g)

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6
Q

fricative

A

a consonant produced by forcing the breath steam through a narrow channel formed by two separate articulators in the vocal tract

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7
Q

nasals

A

speech sound in which the airstream passes through the nose as a result of the lowering of the soft palate at the back of the mouth. (m, n, ng)

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8
Q

liquids

A

a consonant sound in which the tongue produces a partial closure in the mouth, resulting in a resonant, vowel-like consonant such as (l, r)

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9
Q

glides

A

speech sounds where the airstream is frictionless and is modified by the position of the tongue and the lips (w, j)

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10
Q

grapheme

A

symbol that represents a phoneme. More than one grapheme can be used to represent a single phoneme. (Ex: s can be represented as s and c)

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11
Q

consonant cluster

A

a group of consonants that appear together in a word without any vowels between them. Each letter in cluster is pronounced

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12
Q

digraph

A

two letters blended to make one new sound (ph, sh, ch, th, oa, ea, gh)

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13
Q

assimilation

A

refers to a phoneme being spoken differently when it is near another phoneme (example: cookies and cream- Cookies N Cream)

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14
Q

linking sounds

A

linking words together so that they share sounds (So I = SoWI or do all=doWall)

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15
Q

epenthesis

A

Adding one or more sounds to a word. I got to school =I go to eschool

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16
Q

Fossilization

A

to become permanently established in the inter-language of a second language learner in a form that is deviant from the target language norm and that continues to appear in performance regardless of further exposure to the target language (example: Dat for that)

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17
Q

Saturation Point

A

newly arrived second language learners can reach a saturation point of learning in the new language after 30-40 minutes of instruction. Students who have reached this saturation point will stop paying attention, act out in class, and become frustrated and discouraged.

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18
Q

homonyms

A

word forms that have two or more meanings

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19
Q

homographs

A

two or more words that have the same spelling or pronunciation but different meanings. (Ex: read, stalk)

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20
Q

homophones

A

two or more words that have the same pronunciation but different meaning and spelling (ex: would and wood)

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21
Q

heteronyms

A

two or more words that have the same spelling but have a different pronunciation.

22
Q

minimal pairs

A

have one sound that is different (fair, pear)

23
Q

phoneme substitution

A

When the phoneme is not natural to ones phonology system or has not developed yet. We always use something in place of it. (ex: Rabbit will be Wabbitt)

24
Q

Morphology

A

Study of the structure of words and word formation

25
Q

morpheme

A

unit of meaning a and i are the smallest morpheme

26
Q

free morpheme

A

a word that can stand alone as its own word (care in careful)

27
Q

bound morpheme

A

have to have a root to have meaning

28
Q

inflectional morpheme

A

does not change the syntactic meaning of the word. (want, wanted)

29
Q

derivational morphemes

A

Units of meaning that can be attached to a word or root word that often change the syntactic classification of the word. (Unhappy/happy, teacher/teach)

30
Q

phonetics

A

use of sounds to make communication possible

31
Q

invented spelling-first stage

A

scribbling

32
Q

invented spelling-2nd stage

A

semiphonetic

33
Q

metalinguistic awareness

A

The ability to think about language and talk about it. Can explain the rules.

34
Q

predicative nominative

A

a word or group of words that completes a linking verb and renames the subject.
(John was a policeman) Policeman is the PN

35
Q

predicative adjective

A

A predicate adjective is an adjective that follows a linking verb and modifies (i.e., describes) the subject of the linking verb. (The shoes were expensive) expensive is the PA

36
Q

gerunds

A

A verbal that ends in ing and functions as a noun

37
Q

infinitives

A

a verb proceeded by to

38
Q

nominalizaton

A

nouns that are created from adjectives (words that describe nouns) or verbs (action words). For example, “interference” is a nominalization of “interfere,” “decision” is a nominalization of “decide,” and “argument” is a nominalization of “argue.”

39
Q

collocation

A

a natural combination of words that are closely affiliated with each other. (pay attention, fast food, powerful engine)

40
Q

psycholinguistics

A

the study of how we develop, perceive, and produce a language

41
Q

paralinguistics

A

the study of nonlinguistic communication

42
Q

communicative competency

A

Canale and Swain: Grammatical Competence, Sociolinguistic competence, discourse competence, strategic competence

43
Q

discourse competence

A

Cohesion and coherence (ex: use of language that is appropriate for a given audience when giving a presentation)

44
Q

nativist theory

A

children are born with the capability to learn languages. Learn the rules of language with minimal support from parents

45
Q

transformational generative grammar

A

study of linguistics that considers grammar to be a system of rules that generate exactly those combinations of words which form grammatical sentences

46
Q

Universal Grammar

A

Chomsky-we all learn the rules of grammar around the same time. If we do not learn them during the critical period we probably will not learn them at all

47
Q

Behaviorist Language Learning

A

Skinner-claims that children enter the world as a tabula rasa and then are influenced by their environment

48
Q

Stephen Krashen

A

Developed monitor model to explain the conditions for second-language acquisition. Contains 5 hypotheses

49
Q

Monitor hypothesis

A

Learners exposed to formal language instruction develop an internal mechanism able to assess language and make corrections

50
Q

Comprehensible Input Hypothesis

A

For real acquisition to take place, the input must be a little bit above the current linguistic influence of L1

51
Q

BICS

A

Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills

52
Q

CALP

A

Cognitive Academic Language Approach

ESOL Praxis (1 decks)

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