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Anatomy And physiology lab Exam > Language Of Anatomy > Flashcards

Language Of Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Axial

A

Relating to the head neck and truck, the axis of the body.

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2
Q

Appendicular

A

Relating to the limbs and their attachments to the axis

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3
Q

Anatomical position

A

Body is erect with feet slightly apart head and toes pointed forward and arms hanging at all sides with palms facing forward

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4
Q

Acromial

A

Point of the shoulder

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5
Q

Brachial

A

Arms

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6
Q

Calcaneal

A

Heel of the foot

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7
Q

Cephalic

A

Head

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8
Q

Dorsal

A

Back

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9
Q

Femoral

A

Thigh

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10
Q

Gluteal

A

Buttocks or rump

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11
Q

Lumbar

A

Area of the back between the ribs and hips;the loin

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12
Q

Manus

A

Hand

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13
Q

Occipital

A

Posterior aspect of the head or base of the skull

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14
Q

Olecranal

A

Posterior aspect of the elbow

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15
Q

Otic

A

Ear

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16
Q

Pedal

A

Foot

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17
Q

Perineal

A

Region between the hips (overlying the sacrum)

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18
Q

Plantar

A

Sole of the foot

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19
Q

Popliteal

A

Back of the knee

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20
Q

Scapular

A

Scapula or shoulder blade area

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21
Q

Sural

A

Calf or posterior surface of the leg

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22
Q

Vertebral

A

Area of the spinal column

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23
Q

Pubic

A

Genital region

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24
Q

Sternal

A

Region of the breastbone

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25
Q

Tarsal

A

Ankle

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26
Q

Thoracic

A

Chest

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27
Q

Umbilical

A

Navel

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28
Q

Abdominal

A

Anterior body trunk region inferior to the ribs

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29
Q

Acromial

A

Point of the shoulder

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30
Q

Antebrachial

A

Forearm

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31
Q

Antecubital

A

Anterior surface of the elbow

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32
Q

Axillary

A

Armpit

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33
Q

Coxal

A

Hip

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34
Q

Digital

A

Fingers and toes

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35
Q

Inguinal

A

Groin area

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36
Q

Pollex

A

Thumb

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37
Q

Pedal

A

Foot

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38
Q

Patellar

A

Knee

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39
Q

Mammary

A

Breast region

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40
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Plane that runs longitudinally and divides the body into right and left parts referred to as a Sagittarius plane.

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41
Q

Midsagittal or medial plane

A

A plane that divides the body to equal parts right down the middle of the body

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42
Q

Frontal plane or coronal plane

A

Longitudinal plane that divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior parts

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43
Q

Transverse plans

A

Runs horizontally dividing the body into superior and inferior parts

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44
Q

Cephalad

A

Toward the head/superior

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45
Q

Dorsal/ventral

A

Backside

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46
Q

Proximal/distal

A

Nearer the trunk or attached end

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47
Q

Superficial or external/drop

A

Toward or at the body surface

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48
Q

Dorsal body cavity

A

Can be subdivided into two cavities/ the cranial cavity which contains the brain and the vertebral cavity which contains the delicate spinal cord

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49
Q

Ventral body cavity

A

Thoracic cavity that contains the pericardial cavity and the pleural cavities both are protected by the bony rib cage the diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal pelvic cavity

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50
Q

Abdomino pelvic cavity

A

Houses the stomach liver intestines liver and other organs and the pelvic cavity that contains the reproductive organs bladder and rectum

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51
Q

Right upper quadrant (RUQ)

A

Right hypogastric region

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52
Q

Right lower quadrant (RLQ)

A

Right iliac (inguinal) region

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53
Q

Right lumbar region

A

In between Right hypochondriac region and right iliac region

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54
Q

epigastric region

A

Above umbilical region

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55
Q

Umbilical region

A

Above hypogastric (pubic) region

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56
Q

Left upper quadrant (LUQ)

A

Left hypogastric region

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57
Q

Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

A

Left iliac (inguinal) region

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58
Q

Left lumbar region

A

In between left hypochondriac region and left iliac region

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59
Q

Base

A

Supports the microscope

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60
Q

Sun stage light

A

Located in the base and light passes directly upward

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61
Q

Stage

A

The platform on which the slide rests on while being viewed

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62
Q

Condenser

A

Small substage light that concentrates light on a specimen and may have a knob that rises and lowers the condenser

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63
Q

Iris diaphragmatic

A

An arm attached to the condenser that regulates the amount of light the passes through the condenser

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64
Q

Coarse adjustment knob

A

Used to focus on the specimen at the lowest power setting

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65
Q

Fine adjustment knob

A

Used for precise focusing once coarse focusing has been completed

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66
Q

Head of microscope

A

Supports the objective lens system and the ocular lens

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67
Q

Arm

A

Vertical portion of the microscope that connects the base and the head

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68
Q

Ocular lens

A

Allows observation of an object at 10x and one lens contains a pointer used to indicate a specific area

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69
Q

Rotating nosepiece

A

A rotating mechanism at the base of the head and carries three to four objective lenses

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70
Q

Objective lenses

A

Adjustable system found on the rotating nosepiece and allow the change of degree of magnification

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71
Q

Tissue

A

Group of cell that are similar in structure and function

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72
Q

Organ

A

Structure composed of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function for the body

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73
Q

Organ system

A

Group of organs that act together to perform a particular body function

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74
Q

Integumentary (skin) major organs

A

Epidermal and dermal regions; cutaneous sense organs and glands

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75
Q

Integumentary (skin) functions

A
  • protects deeper organs
  • excretes salts and urea
  • aids in regulation of body temperature
  • produces vitamin d
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76
Q

Skeletal organs

A
  • bones
  • cartilage
  • tendons
  • ligaments
  • joints
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77
Q

Skeletal function

A

•body support and protection of internal organs

  • provides levers for muscular action
  • cavities provide a site for blood cell formation
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78
Q

Muscular organs

A

Muscles attached to skeleton

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79
Q

Muscles functions

A
  • to contract or shorten

* generate heat

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80
Q

Nervous organs

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • nerves
  • sensory receptors
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81
Q

Nervous functions

A
  • allows body to detect changes

* helps maintain homeostasis

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82
Q

Endocrine organs

A
  • pituitary
  • thymus
  • thyroid
  • parathyroid
  • adrenal
  • pineal glands
  • ovaries
  • testes
  • pancreas
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83
Q

Endocrine organs

A
  • maintain homeostasis
  • promotes growth and development
  • produces chemical messengers
84
Q

Cardiovascular organs

A
  • heart
  • blood vessels
  • blood
85
Q

Cardiovascular functions

A
  • transport system

* antibodies and other protein molecules in blood protect the body

86
Q

Lymphatic/immunity organs

A
  • lymphatic vessels
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • thymus
  • tonsils
  • scattered collections of lymphoid tissue
87
Q

Lymphatic/immunity functions

A
  • picks up leaked fluid from the blood vessels and returns it to the blood
  • cleanses the blood of pathogens and other debris
  • houses lymphocytes that act via the immune response to protect against foreign substances
88
Q

Respiratory organs

A
  • nasal passages
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • lungs
89
Q

Respiratory function

A
  • Keeps the blood supplied with oxygen while removing carbon dioxide
  • contributes to the acid base balance of the blood
90
Q

Digestive organs

A
  • oral cavity
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
  • teeth
  • salivary glands
  • liver
  • pancreas
91
Q

Digestive functions

A
  • breaks down ingested food to minute particles

* undigested residue removed from the body as feces

92
Q

Urinary organs

A
  • kidneys
  • uterus
  • bladder
  • urethra
93
Q

Urinary functions

A
  • rids the body of nitrogen containing wastes

* maintains water ,electrolyte, acid base balance of blood

94
Q

Reproductive organs

A
  • Male:testes, prostate gland, scrotum, penis, duct system, which carries speed to the body exterior
  • Female: ovaries,uterine tubes,uterus,mammary glands,vagina
95
Q

Reproductive functions

A
  • Male:provides germ cells called sperm for perpetuation of the species
  • Female:provides germ cells called eggs
96
Q

Stratum basale

A

Deepest epidermal layer and attached to dermis

New skin cells come from and it’s single layer of cells undergo constant mitosis

97
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

Several thick layers

Received nutrients by diffusion from the dermis

98
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

3 to 5 layers of flattened cells
Cells breaking down and their cytoplasm contains two types of granules:laminated granules & keratophyaline granules from keratin fibrils

99
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

Only in thick skin found in hands and feet

Translucent layer of flattened dead keratinocytes

100
Q

Stratum corneum

A

Outermost layer of the epidermis

20 to 30 layers of flattened dead cells which are constantly being rubbed off

101
Q

Order of 5 skin layers
(Deepest to highest)
(Betty,Spent,aGrand,Licking,Corn)lol

A

Basale

Spinosum
Granulosum
Granulosum
Lucidum 
Corneum
102
Q

Melanin

A

•only pigment made in the skin

103
Q

Carotene

A

Yellow-orange pigment in the stratum corneum and adipose tissue

104
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Pigment in the blood and red when originated

105
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellowing of skin due to liver disorder

Yellow bile pigments accumulate in blood and body tissues

106
Q

Bronsing

A

Skin appears bronze
Results from Addison’s disease
Adrenal cortex is hyperactive

107
Q

Vitiligo

A

Skin develops white spots due to loss of melanocytes

108
Q

Subcutaneous layer

A

Works with the skin to protect the body

Composed of mostly adipose tissue

Absorbs shock

Insulates

Loosely anchors the skin to the underlying tissues

109
Q

Hair follicle

A

Formed by epidermal and dermal cells

Outer connective tissue sheath and glassy membrane

Inner epithelial tooth sheath

Papilla protects hair bulb and provides blood supply to growing hair

110
Q

Hair color

A

Various amounts of melanin

Gray or white hair occurs from decreased melanin production and increased air bubbles in shaft

111
Q

Sebaceous (oil) glands

A

Found everywhere in body except feet and palms of hands

Most ducts empty into hair follicles but some open directly onto skin surface

Sebum (a mixture of oily substances and fragmented cells used to lubricator skin

112
Q

Sweat glands

A

Widely distributed all over the skin(not in nipples and external genitalia

Eccrine secrete clear perspiration controlled by the nervous system and aid in body temp regulations

Apocrine mainly found in axillary and genital areas
Secrete milky protein and rich fat substance

113
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Forms central axis of the body and consists of the skull vertebral column and thoracic cage

114
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Pectoral and pelvic girdles the limb bones and bones of the hands and feet

115
Q

How many types of skeletal cartilage ?

A

7

116
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Covers bone ends at movable joints

117
Q

Costal cartilage

A

Connects ribs and sternum

118
Q

Laryngeal cartilage

A

Constructs larynx

119
Q

Tracheal and bronchial cartilage

A

Reinforces other passageways of respiratory system

120
Q

Nasal Cartilage

A

Supports external nose

121
Q

Intervertebral cartilage

A

Separates and cushions spine

122
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Supports external ear

123
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Provides support with flexibility

Found in ends of long bones such as ribs nose trachea and larynx

124
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Most flexible sod 3 types

Tolerates repeating bending

Found in external ear and epiglottis

Supports external ear

125
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Alternating rows of chondrocytes and thick collagen fibers

Found in intervertebral discs and miscus pubic symphysis and discs of knee joints

126
Q

Osseous tissues

A

Hard calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers

Supports and protects

Contains the central canal osteocytes and the lacunae and lamella which are the spaces

127
Q

Mesenchyme ( embryonic connective tissue)

A

Gel like ground substance containing fibers

Give rise to tissues

Found in embryo

128
Q

Connective tissue proper(loose connective tissue, areolar

A

Wraps and cushions organs , it’s macrophages phagocytize bacteria: plays important role in inflammation: holds and conveys connective tissue fluid

Found under epithelia of the body, packages organs , and surrounds capillaries

129
Q

Connective tissue proper( loose connective tissues, adipose)

A

Areolar but sparse and loosely packaged with nucleus pushes to the side

Provides reserve fuel insulates against heat loss supports and protects organs

Found under the skin around kidneys and eyeballs within abdomen and in breasts

130
Q

Connective tissue proper (loose connective tissue, reticular

A

Network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance

Fibers form an internal skeleton the supports other types of cells including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages

Found in lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen

131
Q

Connective tissue proper (elastic connective tissue)

A

Send regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers

Recoil of tissues and maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries

Found in walls of large arteries , within ligaments associated with vertebral column, within the walls of the bronchial tubes

132
Q

Blood

A

Transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes and other substances

Contained within the blood vessels

133
Q

How many bones in an adult skeleton?

A

206

134
Q

What are the two types of bone tissue

A

Spongy or cancellous bone that looks smooth and homogeneous and compact bone composed of small traneculae of bone and lots of open space

135
Q

Long bones

A

Shaft with heads at either end (femur)

136
Q

Short bones

A

Typically cube shaped and contain more spongy bone than compact bone (carpals)

137
Q

Flat bones

A

Thin with two wafer like layers of compact bone sandwiching a spongy layer and may be curved (scapula)

138
Q

Irregular bone

A

Bones that don’t fall into a preceding group (hip bones)

139
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Short bone formed in tendons (patella)

140
Q

Wormian or surreal bones

A

Tiny bones between cranial bones usually forms between the parietal and occipital bone

141
Q

Mastoiditis

A

Mastoid process is full of air which can lead to an infection

142
Q

Meningitis

A

Brain and mastoid area is separated by a thin layer of bone also know as an ear infection that has spread to the mastoid process and can inflame the meninges

143
Q

Herniated (ruptured) discs

A

Abnormal curvatures

144
Q

Ribs

A

12 pairs from wall to thoracic cavity

145
Q

Vertebrosternal (true ribs)

A

1-7

146
Q

Vertebrochondral (false ribs)

A

8-10

147
Q

Vertebral (floating ribs)

A

11-12

148
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

126 bones

149
Q

Bones of the pectoral girdle

A

Clavicle and scapula

150
Q

Bones of pelvic girdle

A

Coxal bones (2)

Bony pelvis

151
Q

The hand or manus

A

Carpals (8)

Metacarpals (5 metacarpals)

Phalanges (14 phalanges )

152
Q

How many tarsals

A

7

153
Q

How many metatarsals

A

5

154
Q

Phalanges

A

14

155
Q

What are the three strong arches in the foot

A

Medial longitudinal

Transverse

Lateral longitudinal

156
Q

How many bones in a fetus???

A

275

157
Q

How long does it take for the fontanels to ossify ????

A

22 months

158
Q

Where are the fontanels

A

Anterior
Mastoid
Sphenoidal
Posterior

159
Q

What are the fibrous joints???

A

Sutures
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis

160
Q

Sutures

A

Irregular edges connected with the help of tissue fiber only in skull

161
Q

Syndesmosis

A

Bones connected by short ligaments which don’t interlock

In distal end of tibia and fibula

162
Q

Gomphosis(gums)

A

Tooth held in bony socket by periodontal ligament

163
Q

Two cartilaginous joints

A

Synchondroses

Symphyses

164
Q

Synchondroses

A

Bony portions are combined by hyaline cartilage

Cartilage of 1st rib with the sternum and epiphyseal plates in long bones of children that eventually ossify

165
Q

Symphyses

A

Bones connected by a broad flat disc fibrocartilage

Intervertebral joints and pubic symphyses

166
Q

Synovial joints

A

Ends are separated by joint cavity containing synovial fluid

All diarthrotic

Can move in at least one plane and some can move in several planes

167
Q

Structural of synovial joints

A

Enclosed by two layer articular capsule creating a joint cavity

Synovial membrane creates synovial fluid

Outer layer or fibrous capsule is a dense irregular connective tissue

Articular or hyaline cartilage covers the surface of the bones forming the joint

Articular capsule is reinforced with ligaments and may contain bursae

168
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

Parallel collagen fibers

Attaches muscle to bones or other muscles

In tendons most ligaments and aponeuroses

169
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers

Withstand tension exerted in many directions

In Sibelius capsules of organs and joints in the dermis of the skin and submucosa of digestive tract

170
Q

Plane (gliding)

A

Inter carpal and intertidal (one or two planes)

171
Q

Hinge (flex ion and extension)

A

One plane

Elbow and interphalangeal

172
Q

Saddle(flex up, extension, addiction, and abduction)

A

Biaxial

Thumb or metacarpals

173
Q

Ball and socket(flexion, extension, addiction, abduction, and rotation)

A

Multi axial

Shoulder and hip

174
Q

Angular movements with the head

A

Flexion(face downward), extension(regular), and hyper extension (head tilting back)

175
Q

Angular movements

A

Abduction, addiction, circumduction of the upper limb at the shoulder

176
Q

Rotation

A

Of head, neck , and lower limb

177
Q

Pronation

A

Radius rotates over ulna

178
Q

Supination

A

Radius and ulna are parallel

179
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Foot pointing upward

180
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Foot pointing downward

181
Q

Inversion of foot

A

Foot leaning inward

182
Q

Eversion of foot

A

Foot leaning outward

183
Q

Abduction

A

Movement of a limb away from the mid line of the body

184
Q

Adduction

A

Movement of limb towards mid line of body

185
Q

Flexion

A

movement that decreases the angle of joint bringing two bones closer

186
Q

Extension

A

Straightening movement that increases the angle of a joint

187
Q

Rotation

A

Turning of the bone along its own axis

188
Q

Circumduction

A

Moving a limb in a cone shape

189
Q

Pronation

A

Rotation of the lower arm so that the malm faces posteriorly

190
Q

Supination

A

Rotation of lower arm so that the palm faces up

191
Q

Inversion

A

Turns the sole of the foot medially

192
Q

Eversion

A

Turns the sole of the foot laterally

193
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Movement at the ankle that points the toes up

Stand on heels

194
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Movement of the ankle that point the toes down

Standing tippy toes

195
Q

Hip joint

A

Movement can occur in all possible planes because it’s ball and socket joint

196
Q

Knee joint

A

Larges and most complex joint

Allows extension flexion and a little rotation

197
Q

Shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint)

A

Most freely moving joint articular capsule helps easy movement

198
Q

Bursitis

A

Inflammation of a bursa

199
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Chronic degenerative breakdown of joints 85% of American will have this

200
Q

Sprain

A

Ligaments reinforcing a joint are damaged by excessive stretching or are torn away from the bony attachment

201
Q

Dislocation

A

Bones are forced four of their normal position in the joint cavity
Accompanied by stressed or torn ligaments

202
Q

Double jointed

A

Hyper mobility of the joint caused by a loose tendon and ligament , abnormal bone shape, or variety of disorders

203
Q

Cranium bones

A 
Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Lacrimal
Nasal
Zygomatic
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
204
Q

Paranasal sinus

A

Four bones of the skull (maxillary,sphenoid,ethmoids,and frontal)

205
Q

Hyoid bone

A

Point of attachment for tongue and neck muscles

Anatomy And physiology lab Exam (1 decks)

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