Language Of Anatomy Flashcards
Axial
Relating to the head neck and truck, the axis of the body.
Appendicular
Relating to the limbs and their attachments to the axis
Anatomical position
Body is erect with feet slightly apart head and toes pointed forward and arms hanging at all sides with palms facing forward
Acromial
Point of the shoulder
Brachial
Arms
Calcaneal
Heel of the foot
Cephalic
Head
Dorsal
Back
Femoral
Thigh
Gluteal
Buttocks or rump
Lumbar
Area of the back between the ribs and hips;the loin
Manus
Hand
Occipital
Posterior aspect of the head or base of the skull
Olecranal
Posterior aspect of the elbow
Otic
Ear
Pedal
Foot
Perineal
Region between the hips (overlying the sacrum)
Plantar
Sole of the foot
Popliteal
Back of the knee
Scapular
Scapula or shoulder blade area
Sural
Calf or posterior surface of the leg
Vertebral
Area of the spinal column
Pubic
Genital region
Sternal
Region of the breastbone
Tarsal
Ankle
Thoracic
Chest
Umbilical
Navel
Abdominal
Anterior body trunk region inferior to the ribs
Acromial
Point of the shoulder
Antebrachial
Forearm
Antecubital
Anterior surface of the elbow
Axillary
Armpit
Coxal
Hip
Digital
Fingers and toes
Inguinal
Groin area
Pollex
Thumb
Pedal
Foot
Patellar
Knee
Mammary
Breast region
Sagittal plane
Plane that runs longitudinally and divides the body into right and left parts referred to as a Sagittarius plane.
Midsagittal or medial plane
A plane that divides the body to equal parts right down the middle of the body
Frontal plane or coronal plane
Longitudinal plane that divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse plans
Runs horizontally dividing the body into superior and inferior parts
Cephalad
Toward the head/superior
Dorsal/ventral
Backside
Proximal/distal
Nearer the trunk or attached end
Superficial or external/drop
Toward or at the body surface
Dorsal body cavity
Can be subdivided into two cavities/ the cranial cavity which contains the brain and the vertebral cavity which contains the delicate spinal cord
Ventral body cavity
Thoracic cavity that contains the pericardial cavity and the pleural cavities both are protected by the bony rib cage the diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal pelvic cavity
Abdomino pelvic cavity
Houses the stomach liver intestines liver and other organs and the pelvic cavity that contains the reproductive organs bladder and rectum
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Right hypogastric region
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Right iliac (inguinal) region
Right lumbar region
In between Right hypochondriac region and right iliac region
epigastric region
Above umbilical region
Umbilical region
Above hypogastric (pubic) region
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Left hypogastric region
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
Left iliac (inguinal) region
Left lumbar region
In between left hypochondriac region and left iliac region
Base
Supports the microscope
Sun stage light
Located in the base and light passes directly upward
Stage
The platform on which the slide rests on while being viewed
Condenser
Small substage light that concentrates light on a specimen and may have a knob that rises and lowers the condenser
Iris diaphragmatic
An arm attached to the condenser that regulates the amount of light the passes through the condenser
Coarse adjustment knob
Used to focus on the specimen at the lowest power setting
Fine adjustment knob
Used for precise focusing once coarse focusing has been completed
Head of microscope
Supports the objective lens system and the ocular lens
Arm
Vertical portion of the microscope that connects the base and the head
Ocular lens
Allows observation of an object at 10x and one lens contains a pointer used to indicate a specific area
Rotating nosepiece
A rotating mechanism at the base of the head and carries three to four objective lenses
Objective lenses
Adjustable system found on the rotating nosepiece and allow the change of degree of magnification
Tissue
Group of cell that are similar in structure and function
Organ
Structure composed of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function for the body
Organ system
Group of organs that act together to perform a particular body function
Integumentary (skin) major organs
Epidermal and dermal regions; cutaneous sense organs and glands
Integumentary (skin) functions
- protects deeper organs
- excretes salts and urea
- aids in regulation of body temperature
- produces vitamin d
Skeletal organs
- bones
- cartilage
- tendons
- ligaments
- joints
Skeletal function
•body support and protection of internal organs
- provides levers for muscular action
- cavities provide a site for blood cell formation
Muscular organs
Muscles attached to skeleton
Muscles functions
- to contract or shorten
* generate heat
Nervous organs
- brain
- spinal cord
- nerves
- sensory receptors
Nervous functions
- allows body to detect changes
* helps maintain homeostasis
Endocrine organs
- pituitary
- thymus
- thyroid
- parathyroid
- adrenal
- pineal glands
- ovaries
- testes
- pancreas
Endocrine organs
- maintain homeostasis
- promotes growth and development
- produces chemical messengers
Cardiovascular organs
- heart
- blood vessels
- blood
Cardiovascular functions
- transport system
* antibodies and other protein molecules in blood protect the body
Lymphatic/immunity organs
- lymphatic vessels
- lymph nodes
- spleen
- thymus
- tonsils
- scattered collections of lymphoid tissue
Lymphatic/immunity functions
- picks up leaked fluid from the blood vessels and returns it to the blood
- cleanses the blood of pathogens and other debris
- houses lymphocytes that act via the immune response to protect against foreign substances
Respiratory organs
- nasal passages
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- lungs
Respiratory function
- Keeps the blood supplied with oxygen while removing carbon dioxide
- contributes to the acid base balance of the blood
Digestive organs
- oral cavity
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
- teeth
- salivary glands
- liver
- pancreas
Digestive functions
- breaks down ingested food to minute particles
* undigested residue removed from the body as feces
Urinary organs
- kidneys
- uterus
- bladder
- urethra
Urinary functions
- rids the body of nitrogen containing wastes
* maintains water ,electrolyte, acid base balance of blood
Reproductive organs
- Male:testes, prostate gland, scrotum, penis, duct system, which carries speed to the body exterior
- Female: ovaries,uterine tubes,uterus,mammary glands,vagina
Reproductive functions
- Male:provides germ cells called sperm for perpetuation of the species
- Female:provides germ cells called eggs
Stratum basale
Deepest epidermal layer and attached to dermis
New skin cells come from and it’s single layer of cells undergo constant mitosis
Stratum spinosum
Several thick layers
Received nutrients by diffusion from the dermis
Stratum granulosum
3 to 5 layers of flattened cells
Cells breaking down and their cytoplasm contains two types of granules:laminated granules & keratophyaline granules from keratin fibrils
Stratum lucidum
Only in thick skin found in hands and feet
Translucent layer of flattened dead keratinocytes
Stratum corneum
Outermost layer of the epidermis
20 to 30 layers of flattened dead cells which are constantly being rubbed off
Order of 5 skin layers
(Deepest to highest)
(Betty,Spent,aGrand,Licking,Corn)lol
Basale
Spinosum Granulosum Granulosum Lucidum Corneum
Melanin
•only pigment made in the skin
Carotene
Yellow-orange pigment in the stratum corneum and adipose tissue
Hemoglobin
Pigment in the blood and red when originated
Jaundice
Yellowing of skin due to liver disorder
Yellow bile pigments accumulate in blood and body tissues
Bronsing
Skin appears bronze
Results from Addison’s disease
Adrenal cortex is hyperactive
Vitiligo
Skin develops white spots due to loss of melanocytes
Subcutaneous layer
Works with the skin to protect the body
Composed of mostly adipose tissue
Absorbs shock
Insulates
Loosely anchors the skin to the underlying tissues
Hair follicle
Formed by epidermal and dermal cells
Outer connective tissue sheath and glassy membrane
Inner epithelial tooth sheath
Papilla protects hair bulb and provides blood supply to growing hair
Hair color
Various amounts of melanin
Gray or white hair occurs from decreased melanin production and increased air bubbles in shaft
Sebaceous (oil) glands
Found everywhere in body except feet and palms of hands
Most ducts empty into hair follicles but some open directly onto skin surface
Sebum (a mixture of oily substances and fragmented cells used to lubricator skin
Sweat glands
Widely distributed all over the skin(not in nipples and external genitalia
Eccrine secrete clear perspiration controlled by the nervous system and aid in body temp regulations
Apocrine mainly found in axillary and genital areas
Secrete milky protein and rich fat substance
Axial skeleton
Forms central axis of the body and consists of the skull vertebral column and thoracic cage
Appendicular skeleton
Pectoral and pelvic girdles the limb bones and bones of the hands and feet
How many types of skeletal cartilage ?
7
Articular cartilage
Covers bone ends at movable joints
Costal cartilage
Connects ribs and sternum
Laryngeal cartilage
Constructs larynx
Tracheal and bronchial cartilage
Reinforces other passageways of respiratory system
Nasal Cartilage
Supports external nose
Intervertebral cartilage
Separates and cushions spine
Elastic cartilage
Supports external ear
Hyaline cartilage
Provides support with flexibility
Found in ends of long bones such as ribs nose trachea and larynx
Elastic cartilage
Most flexible sod 3 types
Tolerates repeating bending
Found in external ear and epiglottis
Supports external ear
Fibrocartilage
Alternating rows of chondrocytes and thick collagen fibers
Found in intervertebral discs and miscus pubic symphysis and discs of knee joints
Osseous tissues
Hard calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers
Supports and protects
Contains the central canal osteocytes and the lacunae and lamella which are the spaces
Mesenchyme ( embryonic connective tissue)
Gel like ground substance containing fibers
Give rise to tissues
Found in embryo
Connective tissue proper(loose connective tissue, areolar
Wraps and cushions organs , it’s macrophages phagocytize bacteria: plays important role in inflammation: holds and conveys connective tissue fluid
Found under epithelia of the body, packages organs , and surrounds capillaries
Connective tissue proper( loose connective tissues, adipose)
Areolar but sparse and loosely packaged with nucleus pushes to the side
Provides reserve fuel insulates against heat loss supports and protects organs
Found under the skin around kidneys and eyeballs within abdomen and in breasts
Connective tissue proper (loose connective tissue, reticular
Network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance
Fibers form an internal skeleton the supports other types of cells including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages
Found in lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen
Connective tissue proper (elastic connective tissue)
Send regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers
Recoil of tissues and maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries
Found in walls of large arteries , within ligaments associated with vertebral column, within the walls of the bronchial tubes
Blood
Transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes and other substances
Contained within the blood vessels
How many bones in an adult skeleton?
206
What are the two types of bone tissue
Spongy or cancellous bone that looks smooth and homogeneous and compact bone composed of small traneculae of bone and lots of open space
Long bones
Shaft with heads at either end (femur)
Short bones
Typically cube shaped and contain more spongy bone than compact bone (carpals)
Flat bones
Thin with two wafer like layers of compact bone sandwiching a spongy layer and may be curved (scapula)
Irregular bone
Bones that don’t fall into a preceding group (hip bones)
Sesamoid bones
Short bone formed in tendons (patella)
Wormian or surreal bones
Tiny bones between cranial bones usually forms between the parietal and occipital bone
Mastoiditis
Mastoid process is full of air which can lead to an infection
Meningitis
Brain and mastoid area is separated by a thin layer of bone also know as an ear infection that has spread to the mastoid process and can inflame the meninges
Herniated (ruptured) discs
Abnormal curvatures
Ribs
12 pairs from wall to thoracic cavity
Vertebrosternal (true ribs)
1-7
Vertebrochondral (false ribs)
8-10
Vertebral (floating ribs)
11-12
Appendicular skeleton
126 bones
Bones of the pectoral girdle
Clavicle and scapula
Bones of pelvic girdle
Coxal bones (2)
Bony pelvis
The hand or manus
Carpals (8)
Metacarpals (5 metacarpals)
Phalanges (14 phalanges )
How many tarsals
7
How many metatarsals
5
Phalanges
14
What are the three strong arches in the foot
Medial longitudinal
Transverse
Lateral longitudinal
How many bones in a fetus???
275
How long does it take for the fontanels to ossify ????
22 months
Where are the fontanels
Anterior
Mastoid
Sphenoidal
Posterior
What are the fibrous joints???
Sutures
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis
Sutures
Irregular edges connected with the help of tissue fiber only in skull
Syndesmosis
Bones connected by short ligaments which don’t interlock
In distal end of tibia and fibula
Gomphosis(gums)
Tooth held in bony socket by periodontal ligament
Two cartilaginous joints
Synchondroses
Symphyses
Synchondroses
Bony portions are combined by hyaline cartilage
Cartilage of 1st rib with the sternum and epiphyseal plates in long bones of children that eventually ossify
Symphyses
Bones connected by a broad flat disc fibrocartilage
Intervertebral joints and pubic symphyses
Synovial joints
Ends are separated by joint cavity containing synovial fluid
All diarthrotic
Can move in at least one plane and some can move in several planes
Structural of synovial joints
Enclosed by two layer articular capsule creating a joint cavity
Synovial membrane creates synovial fluid
Outer layer or fibrous capsule is a dense irregular connective tissue
Articular or hyaline cartilage covers the surface of the bones forming the joint
Articular capsule is reinforced with ligaments and may contain bursae
Dense regular connective tissue
Parallel collagen fibers
Attaches muscle to bones or other muscles
In tendons most ligaments and aponeuroses
Dense irregular connective tissue
Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers
Withstand tension exerted in many directions
In Sibelius capsules of organs and joints in the dermis of the skin and submucosa of digestive tract
Plane (gliding)
Inter carpal and intertidal (one or two planes)
Hinge (flex ion and extension)
One plane
Elbow and interphalangeal
Saddle(flex up, extension, addiction, and abduction)
Biaxial
Thumb or metacarpals
Ball and socket(flexion, extension, addiction, abduction, and rotation)
Multi axial
Shoulder and hip
Angular movements with the head
Flexion(face downward), extension(regular), and hyper extension (head tilting back)
Angular movements
Abduction, addiction, circumduction of the upper limb at the shoulder
Rotation
Of head, neck , and lower limb
Pronation
Radius rotates over ulna
Supination
Radius and ulna are parallel
Dorsiflexion
Foot pointing upward
Plantar flexion
Foot pointing downward
Inversion of foot
Foot leaning inward
Eversion of foot
Foot leaning outward
Abduction
Movement of a limb away from the mid line of the body
Adduction
Movement of limb towards mid line of body
Flexion
movement that decreases the angle of joint bringing two bones closer
Extension
Straightening movement that increases the angle of a joint
Rotation
Turning of the bone along its own axis
Circumduction
Moving a limb in a cone shape
Pronation
Rotation of the lower arm so that the malm faces posteriorly
Supination
Rotation of lower arm so that the palm faces up
Inversion
Turns the sole of the foot medially
Eversion
Turns the sole of the foot laterally
Dorsiflexion
Movement at the ankle that points the toes up
Stand on heels
Plantar flexion
Movement of the ankle that point the toes down
Standing tippy toes
Hip joint
Movement can occur in all possible planes because it’s ball and socket joint
Knee joint
Larges and most complex joint
Allows extension flexion and a little rotation
Shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint)
Most freely moving joint articular capsule helps easy movement
Bursitis
Inflammation of a bursa
Osteoarthritis
Chronic degenerative breakdown of joints 85% of American will have this
Sprain
Ligaments reinforcing a joint are damaged by excessive stretching or are torn away from the bony attachment
Dislocation
Bones are forced four of their normal position in the joint cavity
Accompanied by stressed or torn ligaments
Double jointed
Hyper mobility of the joint caused by a loose tendon and ligament , abnormal bone shape, or variety of disorders
Cranium bones
Frontal Sphenoid Ethmoid Lacrimal Nasal Zygomatic Parietal Temporal Occipital
Paranasal sinus
Four bones of the skull (maxillary,sphenoid,ethmoids,and frontal)
Hyoid bone
Point of attachment for tongue and neck muscles