Language & Occupation Flashcards
Occupations develop their own ____ feature and use ____ language features in a ____ way.
Occupations develop their own SPECIAL LANGUAGE feature and use COMMON language features in a DISTINCITIVE way.
Occupations are a ____ of language change.
Occupations are a SOURCE of language change.
attitudes in language may be causes of change in way occupations work.
- a ____ that ____ individual enterprise against teamwork
attitudes in language may be causes of change in way occupations work.
- a PYRAMID that BALANCES individual enterprise against teamwork
It is in the ____ of some ____ to make ____ ____ ___ have a ___ character so that it fits a ____. Others may need more ____.
It is in the NATURE of some OCCUPATIONS to make EVERY LANGUAGE INTERACTION have a FORMAL character so that it fits a SYSTEM. Others may need more FLEXIBILITY.
Influenced by ____. HSBC claimed in a ____ ____ ___ to be sensitive to the different ways people do ___ around the word calling itself “the word’s ___ ___.” Innovators or management consultants may claim to solve the ___ of some occupational groups by importing ways of ___/___/___ from some other occupation.
Influenced by CULTURE. HSBC claimed in a 2002 ADVERTISING CAMPAIGN to be sensitive to the different ways people do BUSINESS around the word calling itself “the word’s LOCAL BANK.” Innovators or management consultants may claim to solve the ALLEGED PROBLEMS of some occupational groups by importing ways of WORKING/SPEAKING/WRITING from some other occupation.
general functions:
- ___ information
- requesting ___
- ____ arrangements
- ____ employees or colleagues to do something
- ____ ____ happen or ____ them.
general functions:
- COMMUNICATING information
- requesting HELP
- CONFIRMING arrangements
- INSTRUCTING employees or colleagues to do something
- MAKING THINGS happen or ENACTING them.
language interactions may occur ___ or ___ those within a given occupation, or between those ____ / those ____ e.g. customers/ ___/ general ____.)
This distinction will affect significantly a ____ (or ___) ____ choices.
language interactions may occur BETWEEN or AMONG those within a given occupation, or between those INSIDE / those OUTSIDE e.g. customers/ CLIENTS/ general PUBLIC.)
This distinction will affect significantly a SPEAKER’S (or WRITER’S) LANGUAGE choices.
some uses are ___; shut people out who don’t know them.
e.g. doctors share common ___.
some uses are EXCLUSIVE; shut people out who don’t know them.
e.g. doctors share common LEXICON.
Name 2 words they share…
ECG/ CATSCAN/ myordical infection
It is ____ to outsiders and meant ____.
It is OPAQUE to outsiders and meant TO BE.
more people are aware of this medical lexicon thanks to ___ e.g. ___.
more people are aware of this medical lexicon thanks to TV DRAMA e.g. ER/ CASUALTY.
some occupations are notorious for promoting ___ (newly-invented words/compounds.) May be used for ___ or ___ within organisation rather than for ____ ____.
some occupations are notorious for promoting NEOLOGISMS(newly-invented words/compounds.) May be used for INDIVIDUAL ADVANCEMENT or COMPETITION within organisation rather than for LINGUISTIC EFFICIENCY.
speech interactions reveal ____
-consider ___ attitudes to these.
speech interactions reveal HIERARCHIES
-consider CHANGING attitudes to these.
Do not assume that great explicit ___ is shown to those of ____ status. Often the ___ is true
- in school, senior managers will address cleaners as “Mr” or “Mrs” and use ___ ___ for teachers.
Do not assume that great explicit COURTESY is shown to those of HIGHER status. Often the REVERSE is true
- in school, senior managers will address cleaners as “Mr” or “Mrs” and use FIRST NAME for teachers.
- addressing someone by ____
- UK independent (public) schools normally do this- creates ___ or even ____
- addressing someone by SURNAME
- UK independent (public) schools normally do this- creates CLOSENESS or even FRIENDSHIP
Phatic Tokens- ways of showing ___ by ___ comments to oneself, to the other, or to general or ___ situation (in England usually it’s the ____.)
Phatic Tokens- ways of showing STATUS by ORIENTING comments to oneself, to the other, or to general or PREVAILING situation (in England usually it’s the WEATHER.)
Those of higher status will display invest in ___/ personal ___ of those of a lower status.
- ___rarely happens
Those of higher status will display interest in WORK/ personal LIVES of those of a lower status.
- REVERSE rarely happens
Special lexicon (special lexis meanings)
- a vocabulary that is ____ to the occupation generally or more ___ to the particular solicitors’ practice, ship or school. That is, there will be.
- forms used only in the ___
- forms in the common ___ but used with meanings which are special to the occupation.
Special lexicon (special lexis meanings)
- a vocabulary that is SPECIFIC to the occupation generally or more NARROWLY to the particular solicitors’ practice, ship or school. That is, there will be.
+ forms used only in the OCCUPATION
+ forms in the common LEXICON but used with meanings which are special to the occupation.
Give an example….
Ship’s master may refer to kentledge, gunwales and quarterdeck (forms peculiar to naval language) or to heads/port/roads (forms in common lexicon, but with different special meanings- ship heads is a name for the toilet)
Give an example
Web site of the UK Army Cadet Supply Departments- you can find descriptions of epaulettes, brassards, bashes, bevies, bergans and pace sticks. What are they?
School teachers refer to their charges as kids and talk about Baker Days, SATS or OFSTED. Once a new term appears, it is rapidly subject to ___ _____.
- What begins as a noun-phrase (office for standards in education.)
- becomes an ___, using 2 letters of each element (OFSTED)
- This then turns by grammatical ____ into a ___. The school was OFSTED- last week. Far more common in ___ than in ____.
School teachers refer to their charges as kids and talk about Baker Days, SATS or OFSTED. Once a new term appears, it is rapidly subject to GRAMMATICAL CONVERSION.
- What begins as a noun-phrase (office for standards in education.)
- becomes an ACRONYM, using 2 letters of each element (OFSTED)
- This then turns by grammatical CONVERSION into a VERB. The school was OFSTED- last week. Far more common in SPEECH than in WRITING.
Register and Lexis
Lexis is one of various ___ ____ that might go to make up a ___. Professor Crystal’s phrase- “a ___ defined variety of ___.”
Register and Lexis
Lexis is one of various LEXICAL FEATURES that might go to make up a REGISTER. Professor Crystal’s phrase- “a SOCIALLY defined variety of LANGUAGE.”
While you refer to many features as part of the ___ doesn’t show you know the features/ how they work.
Register of… professional orchestral music includes a __ of Italian loan words (forte, andante, allegro, pizzicato etc) with ___-____ meanings.
While you refer to many features as part of the REGISTER doesn’t show you know the features/ how they work.
Register of… professional orchestral music includes a LEXICON of Italian loan words (forte, andante, allegro, pizzicato etc) with CROSS-CULTURAL meanings.
Functions of occupational language are what the language seeks to achieve:
- communicating ____
- ____ help
- confirming ___
- telling ___ or ___ to do something
- making things ___ or ____ them.
Functions of occupational language are what the language seeks to achieve:
- communicating INFORMATION
- REQUESTING help
- confirming ARRANGEMENTS
- telling EMPLOYEES or COLLEAGUES to do something
- making things HAPPEN or ENACTING them.
In studying language/ occupation, what particular forms must we consider?
Instructing/ interviewing/ discussing/ conferring/ briefing/ appointing/ disciplining
What are explicit forms?
Those we can easily NAME
What are looser forms?
IDENTIFIED more descriptively
Jargon can be ____
Jargon can be USEFUL
Specialist ___ language
It can be ___ and ____
It can be confusing
Specialist PRECISE language
It can be TIME-SAVING
It can be confusing
Restricted Lexis
Specialist vocab- only used in a ___ occupation.
Restricted Lexis
Specialist vocab- only used in a SPECIFIC occupation.
What is legal lexis?
They started an action against their neighbour, who in this case is the innocent party.
can hide harsh realities -> ____ jargon.
- necessary when ___ talk to other ___.
- if you understand- sense of ____ ( ___ status)
- non-specialists may feel ___/ dominated
can hide harsh realities -> EUPHEMISTIC jargon.
- necessary when SPECIALIST talk to other SPECIALISTS.
- if you understand- sense of INCLUSION ( HIGHER status)
- non-specialists may feel INTIMIDATED/ dominated
What is distinctive phonology
REPETITION, alliteration and rhyme, particularly when speaking to LARGE groups of people.
Functions- what are they?
informative, persuasive, instructional and transactional
Structures- ___ ___ can follow patterns or structures.
e. g. scientific reports
- > title- introduction - method - findings - conclusion - evaluation
Structures- OCCUPATIONAL DISCOURSE can follow patterns or structures.
e. g. scientific reports
- > title- introduction - method - findings - conclusion - evaluation
Code-switching and diglossia
* Just like accents, speakers of ____ jargon can code ___. Sometimes, government or military language is filled with ___ that must be left behind at work because it won’t be understood at home
Code-switching and diglossia
* Just like accents, speakers of OCCUPATIONAL jargon can code SWITCH. Sometimes, government or military language is filled with JARGON that must be left behind at work because it won’t be understood at home
MILITARY LANGUAGE - What are the meanings of these? officialease -> enlist -> enlist ->
language of officers
off-duty speech or language of ranks (torch in British English)
moonbeam
The majority of our knowledge of ____ language comes from the ___.
The majority of our knowledge of OCCUPATIONAL language comes from the MEDIA.
Phatic Language/ ___ = ___ talk
Phatic Language/ COMMUNION = SMALL talk
What is interactional?
conversation that develops SOCIAL relationships
What is transactional?
conversation to get something done- to convey information
give an example paralingustic
laughing
give example of adjacency pairs
question and answer, statement and response, request and response
things people say are…
utterance
Prosidics- ___ your voice
Prosidics- RAISING your voice
What are non-fluency features
overlap- somebody talks over other
- Competitive overlap
- Co-operative overlap
- Voiced pause/ filled pause “umm”
- Filler “sort of” “like”
- Hedging- use of FILLED pauses/ FILLERS to SOFTEN the utterance
what is a discourse marker?
How they begin a conversation “well.” Indicate someone is about to speak.
