Language & Occupation Flashcards
M. Halliday (1976)
Anti- language
Way of communication amongst small community to exclude others.
John Swales (2011)
Discourse Communities
Small groups with shared goals and interests engaged in similar activity usually work based or around a specialist activity, who use language in distinct and identificable ways e.g doctors.
Drew & Heritage (1993)
Inferential Framework
Inferential Framework is when knowledge is built over time and can be used to understand implicit meanings.
Almut Koester (2004)
Phatic Talk
Phatic communication used for small talk solely for interactions in the workplace, creates comfortable bettered working environment for success.
Howard Giles (1973)
Accommodation Theory
Individuals change their speech adjust their language and speech to create, maintain or decrease social interactions to become more (convergence) or less similar (divergence) to the people we communicate with.
Grice (1975)
Conversational Maxims
Four maxims that if followed, a successful conversation:
Quality - Be truthful and do not give false information
Quantity - Say enough but not too much
Relevance - Stay relevant to the topic
Manner - Be clear, brief and orderly and avoid ambiguity.
Goffman (1972)
Face Theory
Face - how an individual wants to present themselves to the world.
Positive face - Wanting to be liked and agreed with.
Negative face - Not wanting to be imposed upon by others.
FTA - face threatening acts.
Brown & Levinson (1987)
Politeness Theory
Four politeness strategies:
Bald on record - Nothing done to minimise FTA and the most direct way of communication .
Negative politeness - Speaker recognises that they are imposing and avoids FTA.
Positive politeness - Recognises hearers opinions and feelings and avoids FTA.
Off record indirect - Vaguely hinting and waiting for an offer from the listener to avoid FTA’s altogether.
Joos (1976)
Levels of Formality
Five language styles:
Frozen - Most formal style reserved for important or symbolic occasions e.g. ceremonies.
Formal - Generally used in formal situations.
Consultative - Semiformal communication e.g. strangers, small groups.
Casual - Relaxed or normal situation e.g. family
Intimate - Private language developed within families, lovers etc.
Vine (1999)
Directives
People in positions of power seen as having the right to use directives (direct use of language e.g. imperative) when talking to subordinates.
Nelson (2000)
Business English
Two categories:
Business lexis - positive key words e.g. finances.
Non business lexis - negative key words e.g. quid.
Brown & Yule (1983)
Transactional vs Interactional Talk
Language in the workplace one of two functions:
Transactional - exchanging goods and favours.
Interactional - language used for socialising.
Austin & Searle
Speech Act Theory
When we speak we’re also ‘acting in the world’, causing others to act, think or respond in particular ways.
Locutionary - literal meaning.
Illocutionary - implied meaning
Perlocutionary - effect on listens
Originizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes
Use of Jargon
Those of low status within a group are predisposed towards-filled language to compensate for their low position and associate themselves with a higher status.
