Language Levels Flashcards
The literal meaning of a word is called the D _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ meaning
Denotative
The associated meaning of a word is called the C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ meaning
Connotative
Anger, passion, lust, romance, danger, evil are all connotations of which colour
Red
A group of words connected by a shared field of reference is called a S _ _ _ _ _ _ _ F _ _ _ _
Semantic Field
If you comment on a semantic field in an analysis what must you include?
A number of examples from the text
What is the difference between an acronym and an initialism?
An acronym is pronounced as a word, an initialism is pronounced as individual letters
BBC - acronym or initialism?
Initialism
UEFA - acronym or initialism?
Acronym
Fish and chips is an example of a
C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Collocation
What is the term for words that have equivalent (similar) meanings?
Synonyms
What are antonyms
Words that have contrasting meanings - opposites
Words that label categories are called H _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , and words that can be included in the category are called H _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Hypernyms and Hyponyms
If T-shirt, trousers and jacket are hyponyms - what’s the hypernym
Clothes
True or False? Rose = hypernym & Flower = hyponym
False - here Flower is the category = hypernym and Rose is a type of flower = hyponym
‘Going to the little boy’s room’ is an example of what?
Euphemism
‘Going for a slash’ is an example of what?
Dysphemism
‘It’s a piece of cake’, ‘Let the cat out of the bag’ and ‘Kill two birds with one stone’ are all examples of?
Idioms
O _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Y is the term for features of writing such as spelling, capitalisation and punctuation.
Orthography
If you were analysing how a text looks, you would be commenting on which language level?
Graphology
Lexis and semantics are the language level concerned with?
Words and their meanings
If you were analysing hidden meanings in a text you would be commenting on which language level?
Pragmatics
Grammar is the language level concerned with?
How words are put together to make meaning - phrases, clauses and sentences
Which language level is concerned with sound?
Phonology
Plosives, fricatives and nasals are all examples of what?
Consonants
If a sound is bilabial, where in the mouth is the sound produced?
Lips
Nasal sounds are made with your N _ _ _
Nose
Where in the mouth a sound is made is described as the P _ _ _ _ of A _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Place of articulation
How we restrict the airflow when a sound is made is described as the M _ _ _ _ _ of A _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Manner of articulation
Which sound is voiced /p/ or /b/?
/b/
Which sound is voiceless /f/ or /v/?
/f/
‘Brrrrr’ is an example of what time of onomatopoeia
Non-lexical onomatopoeia
‘Agh!’ and ‘Ewww!’ are examples of I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Interjections
M _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is the study of the formation and structure of words
Morphology
S _ _ _ _ _ is about the order and structure within phrases, clauses and sentences
Syntax
How many word classes or parts of speech are there?
Name 2
There are 8 parts of speech: noun, pronoun, verb, adverb, adjective, conjunction, preposition and interjection
Nouns are either P _ _ _ _ _ or C _ _ _ _ _
proper or common
What do Proper nouns name?
Specific people, organisations or places; days of the week and months of the year
What do proper nouns need?
Capital letters
James, Gorton, Tuesday, Spring, Betty White, Manchester City, September - which one isn’t a proper noun?
Spring (seasons are not proper nouns)
Common nouns can be divided into: C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and A _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Common and abstract
What are concrete nouns?
Common nouns which refer to physical and tangible things
What are abstract nouns?
Common nouns which refer to ideas, processes and qualities which your 5 senses can’t detect
What type of noun is ‘cat’?
Common concrete noun
What type of noun is ‘anger’?
Common abstract noun
What type of nouns refer to groups of people, animals or things?
Collective nouns
a class, colony, herd and host are all examples of ….
Collective nouns
What are adjectives that add an opinion of the positive/negative value of the noun?
Evaluative
What are adjectives that add a factual description of the physical properties of the noun?
Descriptive
How would you describe the following adjectives?
Light – Lighter – Lightest
Absolute – Comparative – Superlative
What position is the adjective in here?
The fluffy dog barked.
Attributive / pre-modifying
What position is the adjective in here?
The baby was happy.
Predicative / post-modifying
What are the two ways of making a superlative adjective?
Adding -est onto the end OR adding most in front
What are the two ways of making a comparative adjective?
Adding -er onto the end OR adding more in front
What type of verbs usually describe actions we can take or things that happen?
Dynamic
S _ _ _ _ _ _ verbs refer to a state or condition which is quite static or unchanging.
Stative
What is another name for a main verb - the single verb that expresses the main meaning?
A lexical verb
Identify the main verb in this sentence - ‘I will have finished my homework’
Finished
‘Helping’ verbs are called A _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Name the 3 primary auxiliary verbs
To be, to have and to do
What is the difference between primary auxiliary and modal auxiliary verbs?
Primary auxiliary verbs can also be main (lexical) verbs. Modal verbs can’t.
Name the 9 modal verbs in English
Can Could Will Would Shall Should Must May Might
Auxiliary verbs can be used to form Q _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and
N _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Questions and Negatives
True or False: Auxiliary verbs can indicate the tense of a verb.
True
What verb inflection is used to show regular past tense in English
-ed e.g. walked
What verb inflection is used to show the third person singular in English
-s e.g. he/she/it walks
‘The dog bit the man.’ is an example of the
A _ _ _ _ _ V _ _ _ _
Active voice
‘The man was bitten.’ is an example of the
P _ _ _ _ _ _ V _ _ _ _
Passive voice
What do we call an adverb that describes HOW something is done? e.g. quickly
Adverb of manner
What do we call an adverb that describes WHEN or how FREQUENTLY something is done? e.g. next
Adverb of time
What do we call an adverb that describes WHERE something is done? e.g. here
Adverb of place
How would you describe the pronoun ‘I’ ?
First person singular personal subject pronoun.
How would you describe the pronoun ‘You’?
Second person personal pronoun. It could be singular or plural, subject or object - the context would show this.
Give an example of a third person singular personal subject pronoun.
She / He / They / It
What is the difference between the pronouns ‘I’ and ‘mine’?
‘I’ = personal subject pronoun
‘mine’ = possessive pronoun
Who, Which, What, That, Where, When and Why are what kind of prounouns?
Relative pronouns
What is the definite article in English?
The
What type of determiners are a/an?
Indefinite article
What type of conjunctions link words, phrases or clauses of EQUAL value?
Coordinating conjunctions
What type of conjunctions link clauses or sentences that DO NOT have equal value?
Subordinating conjunctions
What type of conjunctions are AND, BUT, YET
Coordinating conjunctions
What type of conjunctions are BECAUSE, ALTHOUGH
Subordinating conjunctions
Bound morphemes are also known as an A _ _ _ _
Affix
What is the suffix that shows past tense?
-ed
What are the 5 types of clause element in English?
Subject - Verb - Object - Complement - Adverbial
What type of sentence has NO verb
Minor sentence
What type of sentence has only one main verb?
Simple sentence
What type of sentence has at least one clause that is subordinate to another?
Complex sentence
What type of sentence has clauses of equal value that are ‘chained’ with a co-ordinating conjunction?
Compound sentence
What type of clause is a group of words that contain a subject and a verb. They make sense on their own.
Main clause
What type of clause is a group of words that add extra information about the noun. They begin with a relative pronoun.
Relative clause
What type of clause is a group of words that adds extra information that doesn’t make sense on its own.
Subordinate clause
What kind of sentence is - The cat sat on the mat.
Simple
What kind of sentence is - Hello everybody.
Minor
What kind of sentence is - The cat jumped and the dog played fetch.
Compound
What kind of sentence is - The cat hissed because the dog walked past.
Complex
What is a declarative sentence?
A statement
What is an interrogative sentence?
A question
What is an imperative sentence?
A command
What is a discourse marker?
Words and phrases that are used to manage and organise the structure of a text.
An A _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ reference makes reference back to something previously identified in a text
Anaphoric reference
A C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ reference makes reference forwards to something as yet unidentified in a text.
Cataphoric reference
I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is the use of discourses from one field as part of another.
Intertextuality
