Language Levels Flashcards by Felicity Titjen

The literal meaning of a word is called the D _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ meaning

Denotative

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The associated meaning of a word is called the C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ meaning

Connotative

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Anger, passion, lust, romance, danger, evil are all connotations of which colour

Red

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A group of words connected by a shared field of reference is called a S _ _ _ _ _ _ _ F _ _ _ _

Semantic Field

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If you comment on a semantic field in an analysis what must you include?

A number of examples from the text

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What is the difference between an acronym and an initialism?

An acronym is pronounced as a word, an initialism is pronounced as individual letters

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BBC - acronym or initialism?

Initialism

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UEFA - acronym or initialism?

Acronym

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Fish and chips is an example of a
C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Collocation

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What is the term for words that have equivalent (similar) meanings?

Synonyms

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What are antonyms

Words that have contrasting meanings - opposites

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Words that label categories are called H _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , and words that can be included in the category are called H _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Hypernyms and Hyponyms

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If T-shirt, trousers and jacket are hyponyms - what’s the hypernym

Clothes

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True or False? Rose = hypernym & Flower = hyponym

False - here Flower is the category = hypernym and Rose is a type of flower = hyponym

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‘Going to the little boy’s room’ is an example of what?

Euphemism

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‘Going for a slash’ is an example of what?

Dysphemism

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‘It’s a piece of cake’, ‘Let the cat out of the bag’ and ‘Kill two birds with one stone’ are all examples of?

Idioms

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O _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Y is the term for features of writing such as spelling, capitalisation and punctuation.

Orthography

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If you were analysing how a text looks, you would be commenting on which language level?

Graphology

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Lexis and semantics are the language level concerned with?

Words and their meanings

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If you were analysing hidden meanings in a text you would be commenting on which language level?

Pragmatics

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Grammar is the language level concerned with?

How words are put together to make meaning - phrases, clauses and sentences

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Which language level is concerned with sound?

Phonology

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Plosives, fricatives and nasals are all examples of what?

Consonants

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If a sound is bilabial, where in the mouth is the sound produced?

Lips

Nasal sounds are made with your N _ _ _

Nose

Where in the mouth a sound is made is described as the P _ _ _ _ of A _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Place of articulation

How we restrict the airflow when a sound is made is described as the M _ _ _ _ _ of A _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Manner of articulation

Which sound is voiced /p/ or /b/?

/b/

Which sound is voiceless /f/ or /v/?

/f/

'Brrrrr' is an example of what time of onomatopoeia

Non-lexical onomatopoeia

'Agh!' and 'Ewww!' are examples of I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Interjections

M _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is the study of the formation and structure of words

Morphology

S _ _ _ _ _ is about the order and structure within phrases, clauses and sentences

Syntax

How many word classes or parts of speech are there? Name 2

There are 8 parts of speech: noun, pronoun, verb, adverb, adjective, conjunction, preposition and interjection

Nouns are either P _ _ _ _ _ or C _ _ _ _ _

proper or common

What do Proper nouns name?

Specific people, organisations or places; days of the week and months of the year

What do proper nouns need?

Capital letters

James, Gorton, Tuesday, Spring, Betty White, Manchester City, September - which one isn't a proper noun?

Spring (seasons are not proper nouns)

Common nouns can be divided into: C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and A _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Common and abstract

What are concrete nouns?

Common nouns which refer to physical and tangible things

What are abstract nouns?

Common nouns which refer to ideas, processes and qualities which your 5 senses can't detect

What type of noun is 'cat'?

Common concrete noun

What type of noun is 'anger'?

Common abstract noun

What type of nouns refer to groups of people, animals or things?

Collective nouns

a class, colony, herd and host are all examples of ....

Collective nouns

What are adjectives that add an opinion of the positive/negative value of the noun?

Evaluative

What are adjectives that add a factual description of the physical properties of the noun?

Descriptive

How would you describe the following adjectives? Light -- Lighter -- Lightest

Absolute -- Comparative -- Superlative

What position is the adjective in here? The fluffy dog barked.

Attributive / pre-modifying

What position is the adjective in here? The baby was happy.

Predicative / post-modifying

What are the two ways of making a superlative adjective?

Adding -est onto the end OR adding most in front

What are the two ways of making a comparative adjective?

Adding -er onto the end OR adding more in front

What type of verbs usually describe actions we can take or things that happen?

Dynamic

S _ _ _ _ _ _ verbs refer to a state or condition which is quite static or unchanging.

Stative

What is another name for a main verb - the single verb that expresses the main meaning?

A lexical verb

Identify the main verb in this sentence - 'I will have finished my homework'

Finished

'Helping' verbs are called A _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Name the 3 primary auxiliary verbs

To be, to have and to do

What is the difference between primary auxiliary and modal auxiliary verbs?

Primary auxiliary verbs can also be main (lexical) verbs. Modal verbs can't.

Name the 9 modal verbs in English

Can Could Will Would Shall Should Must May Might

Auxiliary verbs can be used to form Q _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and N _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Questions and Negatives

True or False: Auxiliary verbs can indicate the tense of a verb.

True

What verb inflection is used to show regular past tense in English

-ed e.g. walked

What verb inflection is used to show the third person singular in English

-s e.g. he/she/it walks

'The dog bit the man.' is an example of the A _ _ _ _ _ V _ _ _ _

Active voice

'The man was bitten.' is an example of the P _ _ _ _ _ _ V _ _ _ _

Passive voice

What do we call an adverb that describes HOW something is done? e.g. quickly

Adverb of manner

What do we call an adverb that describes WHEN or how FREQUENTLY something is done? e.g. next

Adverb of time

What do we call an adverb that describes WHERE something is done? e.g. here

Adverb of place

How would you describe the pronoun 'I' ?

First person singular personal subject pronoun.

How would you describe the pronoun 'You'?

Second person personal pronoun. It could be singular or plural, subject or object - the context would show this.

Give an example of a third person singular personal subject pronoun.

She / He / They / It

What is the difference between the pronouns 'I' and 'mine'?

'I' = personal subject pronoun 'mine' = possessive pronoun

Who, Which, What, That, Where, When and Why are what kind of prounouns?

Relative pronouns

What is the definite article in English?

The

What type of determiners are a/an?

Indefinite article

What type of conjunctions link words, phrases or clauses of EQUAL value?

Coordinating conjunctions

What type of conjunctions link clauses or sentences that DO NOT have equal value?

Subordinating conjunctions

What type of conjunctions are AND, BUT, YET

Coordinating conjunctions

What type of conjunctions are BECAUSE, ALTHOUGH

Subordinating conjunctions

Bound morphemes are also known as an A _ _ _ _

Affix

What is the suffix that shows past tense?

-ed

What are the 5 types of clause element in English?

Subject - Verb - Object - Complement - Adverbial

What type of sentence has NO verb

Minor sentence

What type of sentence has only one main verb?

Simple sentence

What type of sentence has at least one clause that is subordinate to another?

Complex sentence

What type of sentence has clauses of equal value that are 'chained' with a co-ordinating conjunction?

Compound sentence

What type of clause is a group of words that contain a subject and a verb. They make sense on their own.

Main clause

What type of clause is a group of words that add extra information about the noun. They begin with a relative pronoun.

Relative clause

What type of clause is a group of words that adds extra information that doesn’t make sense on its own.

Subordinate clause

What kind of sentence is - The cat sat on the mat.

Simple

What kind of sentence is - Hello everybody.

Minor

What kind of sentence is - The cat jumped and the dog played fetch.

Compound

What kind of sentence is - The cat hissed because the dog walked past.

Complex

What is a declarative sentence?

A statement

What is an interrogative sentence?

A question

What is an imperative sentence?

A command

What is a discourse marker?

Words and phrases that are used to manage and organise the structure of a text.

An A _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ reference makes reference back to something previously identified in a text

Anaphoric reference

A C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ reference makes reference forwards to something as yet unidentified in a text.

Cataphoric reference

I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is the use of discourses from one field as part of another.

Intertextuality