language is sound 2 Flashcards
Sonorous, syllabic sounds made with the vocal tract more open than for consonants and glides.
vowels
Syllables that are not completely unstressed but are not as loud as the primary stress, marked with a lowered vertical line [ˌ].
secondary stress
Indicates the need for a longer pause between two thought groups in a sentence.
double bar juncture (//)
The loudest syllable in a word, marked in IPA by a raised vertical line [ˈ].
primary stress
How many pitch levels are there in English?
Four: extra-high, high, mid (normal), and low.
Give an example of a simple vowel.
The vowels in the words pit, set, cat, dog, but, put, and the first vowel of suppose.
Vowels that do not show a noticeable change in quality during their articulation.
simple vowels
Indicates the need for a slight pause between two thought groups in a sentence.
single bar juncture (/)
Movement from sound to sound with no intervening pauses or delays.
close juncture
Inherent prosodic properties of phones, including pitch, loudness, and length.
suprasegmentals
Movement that is not continuous, with a slight stoppage of the last sound before blending with the next.
open juncture
What are tone and intonation?
Tone refers to differences in word meaning signaled by pitch; intonation refers to the tone or pitch of voice in speech.
They often have schwa [ə] for their vowel, though [i] can also be unstressed.
unstressed syllables in English
Vowels that exhibit a change in quality within a single syllable.
diphthongs
A pause or slight delay in the continuous flow of speech.
juncture in speech
Indicates a fading away into silence.
double cross juncture (#)
What controls the level of pitch in speech?
The tension of the vocal folds and the amount of air passing through the glottis.
Different vowel sounds produced by varying the placement of the tongue and shaping the lips.
vowel qualities
How can the shape of the vocal tract be altered for vowels?
By protruding the lips for rounded vowels or lowering the velum for nasal vowels.
What is the difference between tense and lax vowels?
Tense vowels have more tightness on the tongue and lips, while lax vowels are more relaxed.
English vowels are divided into how many major types and what are they?
Two; simple vowels
and diphthongs.
What causes the change in quality of English diphthongs?
a) A change in vocal cord vibration
b) Tongue movement toward a glide position
c) Lip rounding only
d) Lengthening of the vowel sound
b) Tongue movement toward a glide position
Vowels that need more tightness on you tongue and lips.
tense vowels
Vowels said with a more relaxed tongue and lips.
lax vowels
What are the inherent properties of all phones that contribute to their makeup regardless of place or manner of articulation?
suprasegmental or prosodic properties
What two factors contribute to a higher pitch on vowels and sonorant consonants?
Tensed vocal folds and greater air pressure.
What causes a lower pitch in speech sounds?
Less tense vocal folds and lower air pressure.
This refers to the tone or pitch of the voice.
Intonation
Which pitch level in English is used to express surprise, excitement, or intense feeling?
Extra-high pitch
Which pitch level is associated with the stressed syllable of a word (primary stress)?
High pitch
What is the normal tone or pitch level in English?
Mid pitch
Which pitch level occurs as a drop or fade-out tone at the end of a sentence?
Low pitch
Which intonation pattern follows the pitch movement 2-3-3?
a) Non-final rising-falling intonation
b) Rising intonation
c) Final rising-falling intonation
d) Falling intonation
b) Rising intonation
Which intonation pattern is represented by the pitch sequence 2-3-1?
a) Rising intonation
b) Non-final rising-falling intonation
c) Final rising-falling intonation
d) Falling intonation
c) Final rising-falling intonation
Which intonation pattern is represented by the pitch sequence 2-3-2?
Non-final rising-falling intonation
Which arrow symbol (↑, ↗↘, ↗↘→) represents rising intonation?
↑
What type of intonation pattern is indicated by the arrow ↗↘?
Non-final rising-falling intonation
Which intonation pattern is shown with the arrow ↗↘→?
Final rising-falling intonation
In the non-final rising-falling intonation, what is the numerical representation of pitch movement?
2-3-2
What are the two main categories of rising intonation patterns?
Final and Non-final.
In which type of question does final rising intonation occur?
At the end of yes-no questions and tag questions seeking information.
What are the four situations where non-final rising intonation occurs?
- In a series, where all words except the last one have rising intonation.
- In nominatives of address.
- In alternatives, except for the last option.
- In conditional sentences in the initial position.
What type of intonation can conditionals in the initial position take?
They may take a non-final rising or a non-final rising-falling intonation.
What type of intonation is used at the end of statements?
Rising-falling intonation (Final)
Which type of intonation is used at the end of tag questions seeking confirmation?
Rising-falling intonation (Final)
or Rising intonation (Final)
When is non-final rising-falling intonation used?
At the end of breath groups except for patterns that require the use of the non-final rising intonation.
What intonation pattern is used to show intense feeling, surprise, or excitement?
Extra-high intonation
