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Advanced Topics in Neuropsychology > Language II > Flashcards

Language II Flashcards

1
Q

What is aphasia?

A

A loss of language processing ability after brain damage. It is not an impairment of intellectual functioning, a psychiatric disturbance, a primary motor or sensory deficit, or a developmental disorder.

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2
Q

What are the three principles underlying classic aphasia syndromes?

A
  1. Localisation of language processors
  2. Damage to a single processor can produce multiple deficits
  3. Language processors localised because of their relationship to primary sensory/motor functions
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3
Q

What are the symptoms of Broca’s Aphasia?

A

Non-fluent, expressive aphasia

Major disturbances in speech production,

some use of nouns and verbs may be retained

loss pronouns, articles, conjunctions (known as “telegraphic” speech)

generally intact comprehension.

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4
Q

What are the symptoms of Wernicke’s Aphasia?

A

Major disturbances of auditory comprehension, fluent speech with normal rate, rhythm, intonation

disturbance of sounds, structures of words, semantic substitutions or paraphasia, and poor repetition and naming.

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5
Q

What are the symptoms of Conduction aphasia?

A

Failure to repeat and the occurrence of paraphasias (unintended utterances)

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6
Q

What are the symptoms of Transcortical sensory aphasia?

A

Disturbance of auditory comprehension, semantic paraphasia, fluent, grammatical speech, and good repetition.

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7
Q

What are the symptoms of Transcortical Motor Aphasia?

A

disconnection of concept centre from motor and auditory language centres, lesions to tracts superior and/or anterior to Broca’s

Intact auditory comprehension, good repetition, and sever disturbance in initiating responses (adynamic)

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8
Q

What is the significance of Leborgne’s case to Broca’s Aphasia?

A

In 1862, Broca concluded that the integrity of the left frontal convolution was responsible and necessary for articulation by examining his patient Leborgne’s brain lesion. This is considered one of the foundational cases for understanding Broca’s Aphasia.

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9
Q

What is the basis of conduction Aphasia?

A

Conduction aphasia is a disconnection syndrome caused by the disruption of the arcuate fasciculus, the dorsal white matter tract between Broca’s and Wernicke’s area.

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10
Q

What is the Lichtheim’s house model?

A

Lichtheim’s House Model, also known as the classic disconnection model of aphasia, predicts several types of aphasia based on the location of brain lesions. The model is comprised of a series of centres, each associated with specific language functions.

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11
Q

How does the Lichtehim’s-Gechwind model of language processing describe the mechanisms of different aphasia’s?

A

Broca’s Aphasia = lesion in the articulate speech production region.

Wericke’s Aphasia = lesion in the auditory word form area.

Conduction Aphasia = lesion between motor and auditory regions.

Transcortical Sensory Aphasia = lesion between auditory word form area and the area’s representing word meaning.

Transcortical Motor Aphasia = lesion between the concept word area and the motor area.

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12
Q

What are the symptoms, deficits and lesions location for Broca’s Aphasia?

A

S: decrees in speech production and telegraphic speech

D: impaired speech planning and production

L: Posterior portion of the inferior frontal cortex

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13
Q

What are the symptoms, deficits and lesion location for Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

S: decreased auditory comprehension, fluent speech, semantic paraphasia, poor repetition and naming.

D: impaired representation of the sound structure of words.

L: posterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus

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14
Q

What are the symptoms, deficits, and lesion location for Transocritcal Motor Aphasia?

A

S: disturbed spontaneous speech similar to Broca’s, but with relatively preserved repetition and naming.

D: disconnection between conceptual word/sentence representation and motor speech production

L: deep in white matter tracts connecting Broca’s area to parietal lobe

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15
Q

What are the symptoms, deficits and lesion in Transcortical Sensory Aphasia?

A

S: disturbance in single word comprehension with relatively intact repetition.

D: disturbed activation of word meanings despite normal recognition of auditory presented words

L: located in white matter tracts connecting the parietal and temporal lobe

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16
Q

What are the symptoms, deficits and lesions for Condition Aphasia?

A

S: Disturbance of repetition and spontaneous speech, along with phonemic paraphasia.

D: disconnection between sound patterns and speech production mechanisms

L: in the arcuate fascicles, the white matter tract between Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas.

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17
Q

What are the key phonological features in psycholinguistics?

A

Phonemes = the smallest unit of sound that can distinguish one word from another

Allophones = different representation of the same phoneme.

Phonetic representation refers to how phonemes are produced in different contexts.

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18
Q

What phonological issues do people with Broca’s and Wernicke’s Aphasia exhibit? (think unit of sound)

A

People with Broca’s Aphasia have difficult producing the correct allophone of a phoneme, resulting in mispronunciation.

People with Wernicke’s Aphasia often select the wrong phoneme, leading to substitution of phonemes.

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19
Q

How does Broca’s Aphasia affect syntax?

A

People with Broca’s Aphasia often have difficulty with syntactic production, producing few words (e.g. verbs) and often omitting function words. This results in telegraphic speech. These symptoms are evident in spontaneous speech, repetition, and writing.

Therefore, these lesions are also associated with comprehension deficits.

20
Q

How do lesions impact semantic processing in Broca’s and Wernicke’s Aphasia?

A

Semantic processing is relatively spared in patients with anterior lesions (Broca’s). However, problems arise for these patients when syntax is important for sentence comprehension. “place the blue circle on top of the big red square”

On the other hand, posterior lesions (Wernicke’s) and lesions to the anterior temporal lobes are more often associated with semantic impairments.

21
Q

What impairment is seen when people have a “tip-of-the-tougne” word association and possible anomic deficits?

A

They have intact semantic knowledge but impaired naming ability.

22
Q

When someone has a knowledge loss, semantic dementia/primary progressive aphasia, what impairment could this be attributed to?

A

This is where people have intact naming and impaired semantics.

23
Q

In classical characterisations of aphasia deficits, what is Broca’s and Wernicke’s aphasia associated with?

A

Broca’s: poor speech production
Wernicke’s: Poor speech comprehension

Dissociation: comprehension vs. production

24
Q

In psycholinguistic models of aphasia what is the characterisations of anterior and posterior portions of the brain?

A

Anterior: Syntactic processing
Posterior: Semantic processing

Dissociation: syntax vs. semantics

25
Q

What is dysarthria and which tract is commonly affected?

A

Dysarthria is a disturbance of speech musculature

It is not a disturbance of language and is not considered an aphasia. The corticospinal tract is commonly affected.

26
Q

What is apraxia of speech (AoS) and where is the lesion most strongly associated?

A

a rare articulatory-motor disorder characterised by articulatory errors in speech movements.

it is most strongly associated with motor cortex lesions.

27
Q

What are Alexia and agraphia?

A

Alexia is an impairment in the ability to read, while agraphia is an impairment in the ability to write. These impairments can occur separately, as in cases of Alexia without agraphia.

28
Q

What are the two routes to reading in the context of Alexia?

A

phonological route (grapheme-to-phoneme conversion) = converting letter strings to sounds to understand the meaning

Direct route = printed words are directly linked to meaning in a visual form system.

29
Q

What are the subtypes of Alexia and their characteristics?

A

Surface Alexia:
difficulty with irregular words - anterior temporal lobe atrophy

Phonological Alexia:
difficulty reading new words - lesions to the superior temporal lobe and parietal lobe

Deep Alexia
semantic substitutions, influence of “imageability” of word, and visual errors - damage to both direct and phonological routes

30
Q

What is the ‘Visual Word Form Area’ (VWFA) and its role in reading?

A

The VWFA is located in the left fusiform gyrus, and lesions to this area can produce Alexia.

responsible for visual word form recognition, and coordinates activation of areas for reading, phonological and semantic processing

31
Q

What is agraphia and what are its subtypes?

A

Agraphia is an inability to write or spell while writing.

Central dysgraphia = problems accessing orthographic information from lexical stores or from applying sound-to-spelling phonological rules.

Peripheral dysgraphia = distortions in written letter formation, oral spelling or typing due to problems with motor programs.

32
Q

How did 19th century aphasiolvogists view the process of speech perception and production?

A

Broca, Wernicke and Lichtheim considered the processes of speech perception and production to be automatic

33
Q

What alternative view did Wilhelm Wundt propose about language?

A

Language requires an additional attentional control system.

34
Q

What is the Wernicke-Lichtheim-Wundt model?

A

our frontal cortex helps us pay attention and control the words we use, while the perisylvian cortex is involved in understanding those words.

When we speak, we start with a complete thought in our mind and then organize and say it one part at a time. When we listen, we do the opposite, breaking down the sounds we hear into meaningful parts and putting them together to understand the complete thought.

35
Q

How does attention interact with speech production?

A

Attention ensures that what we say is contextually appropriate, a key feature of ‘cognitive control’. It is also involved in “self-monitoring”, where you monitor your preverbal message and your motor speech after you’ve spoken it.

36
Q

What are the two systems that make up attention and speech production?

A

conflict monitoring in information processing

compensatory control system when conflict is detected.

This is known as the conflict monitoring and control model.

37
Q

Which brain region is consistently activated in neuroimaging studies involving conflict in vocal, manual, and oculomotor tasks?

A

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

38
Q

Under what circumstances is a domain general control system necessary in language comprehension?

A

It might be necessary in language comprehension during bilingual switching or during the processing of complex syntax. However, these situations are rare.

39
Q

What is the debate around domain generality versus domain specificity in language?

A

On whether language processing is uniquely human or based on general hierarchically structured sequences.

Generality differences is between primates and humans. Primates understand simple structures, humans understand complex sequences.

40
Q

According to Friederici et al., where does processing of finite state grammar and phrase structure grammar occur?

A

Finite state grammar occurs in the left frontal operculum, a region phylogenetically older than Broca’s area.

Processing of phrase structure grammar occurs in Broca’s are itself.

41
Q

Can language comprehension occur non consciously?

A

There are instances where subliminally presented sentences with semantic violations can influence consciousness.

However, it’s difficult to determine if these effects are due to limited processing time or are actually influenced by high-level semantic processing.

42
Q

Counter to traditional views of aphasia, how does psycholinguistics view aphasia as a repose to the limitations of classic aphasia models?

A

It doesn’t view language as symptoms of production and comprehension. It emphasises language processing operations, such as:

Phonology: sounds that compose language and govern their rules
Semantics: words and their meaning
Syntax: combining words to convey meaning

43
Q

When attention was added to the speech production model it came in the form of self-monitoring processes that contribute to relevant speech production. This is a process that is seen all throughout the brain and is in all stages from stimulus to articulation. What are all of the steps involved in speech production, all influenced by self-monitoring?

A
  1. Picture Presentation
  2. Conceptual Preparation
  3. Lemma Selection
  4. Phonological Code Retrieval
  5. Syllabification
  6. Articulation
44
Q

What task is cognitive appraisal and cognitive inhibition necessary?

A

The Stroop Task - there is constant conflict monitoring happening in the brain.

45
Q

What brain regions are responsible for conflict monitoring and the compensatory control system, respectively?

A

CM = Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Compensatory Control system = Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Advanced Topics in Neuropsychology (6 decks)

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