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A Level Combined English > Language Grammar Terms > Flashcards

Language Grammar Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Give the definition and an example of a common noun

A

Common nouns are words used to name general items rather than specific ones. E.g. “You broke my FAVOURITE mug” or “I want a new pair of JEANS”

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2
Q

Give the definition and an example of a proper noun

A

They are the names of individual people, places, titles, calendar times etc. E.g. London, Charlotte

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3
Q

Give the definition and an example of a abstract noun

A

Refers to states, events, concepts, feelings, qualities etc. That have no physical existence e.g. Freedom, love & happiness

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4
Q

Give the definition and an example of a collective noun

A

Refers to a group of people, animals, or objects as a group; family; company. e.g. Pride, group.

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5
Q

Give the definition and an example of a concrete noun

A

Refers to objects and substances, including people and animals, that exist physically. E.g. Clocks

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6
Q

How to form the plural of a regular noun?

A

Regular nouns add -s to form the PLURAL although many nouns are irregular

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7
Q

Give the definition of pronouns

A

Pronouns help us to avoid repetition. They can take the place of nouns

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8
Q

What are the personal subject pronouns?

A 
First person singular - I 
Second person singular - You 
Third person singular - He/She/It
First person plural - We 
Second person plural - You 
Third person plural - They
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9
Q

What are the personal object pronouns?

A 
First person singular - Me 
Second person singular - You 
Third person singular - Him/Her/It
First person plural - Us
Second person plural - You 
Third person plural - Them
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10
Q

What are the possessive pronouns?

A 
First person singular - Mine 
Second person singular - Yours 
Third person singular - His/Hers
First person plural - Ours 
Second person plural - Yours 
Third person plural - Theirs
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11
Q

What are the reflexive pronouns?

A 
First person singular - Myself
Second person singular - Yourself
Third person singular - Himself/Herself/Itself
First person plural - Ourselves
Second person plural - Yourselves
Third person plural - Themselves
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12
Q

What is a noun?

A

Nouns are the name of all many things, places, feelings thoughts, qualities, people and animals that make up our experience of the world.

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13
Q

What are the five main categories of nouns?

A
  1. Common Nouns
  2. Proper Nouns
  3. Abstract Nouns
  4. Collective Nouns
  5. Concrete Nouns
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14
Q

What is a demonstrative pronoun?

A

They are used to indicate the relationship between the speaker and a person or thing. They are said to have a DEICTIC function.

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15
Q

What are demonstrative pronouns?

A
  • This
  • These
  • That
  • Those
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16
Q

What is are interrogative pronoun?

A

These are used to ask question

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17
Q

What are the interrogative pronouns

A
  • What
  • Which
  • Who
  • Whom
  • Whose
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18
Q

What are relative pronouns?

A

These follow directly the noun they describe e.g. The man WHO has black hair. They introduce relative clauses.

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19
Q

What are the relative pronouns?

A
  • That
  • Which
  • Who
  • Whom
  • Whose
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20
Q

What are indefinite pronouns?

A

These are always followed by an object pronoun e.g. I want all of them.

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21
Q

What are the indefinite pronouns?

A
  • All of
  • Both of
  • Each of
  • Neither of
  • Some of
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22
Q

What are the compound pronouns?

A
  • Every
  • Some
  • Any
  • No
    +++++++ PLUS -thing / -one / -body
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23
Q

What are determiners?

A

Determiners precede nouns

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24
Q

What is the definite article?

A

THE

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25
Q

What is the indefinite article?

A

A / AN

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26
Q

What are possessive determiners?

A

These are used to suggest ownership of a noun.

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27
Q

What are the possessive determiners?

A
  • My
  • Your
  • His
  • Her
  • Its
  • Ours
  • Theirs
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28
Q

What are Numbers?

A

If numbers precede a noun, they are functioning as determiners

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29
Q

What are the cardinal numbers?

A

one, two, three…

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30
Q

What are the ordinal numbers?

A

first, second, third…

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31
Q

What are demonstrative determiners?

A

These express a contrast, establishing either a close of more distant relationship

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32
Q

Give examples of demonstrative determiners?

A
  • THIS week is going slowly

- The girl said she wanted THESE things kept aside for her

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33
Q

What are the most common indefinite determiners?

A
  • all
  • no
  • either
  • another
  • enough
  • some
  • every
  • neither
  • both
  • many
  • most
  • few
  • least
  • little
  • most
  • any
  • each
  • one
  • several
  • more
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34
Q

What are adjectives?

A

Adjectives are words used to describe a noun or a pronoun - they offer more information

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35
Q

What are attributive adjectives?

A

Adjectives that come before the noun e.g. The GREEN grass

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36
Q

What are predicative adjectives?

A

Adjectives that come after the noun e.g. The grass is GREEN

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37
Q

What are the forms of adjectives that can be graded so that nouns can be compared?

A

Comparative and Superlative

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38
Q

Give an example of comparative and superlative?

A

Longer - Longest
Happier - Happiest
Better - Best
More Fortunate - Most fortunate

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39
Q

What are adverbs?

A

Adverbs are modifying words - they offer more information about verbs.

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40
Q

What can adverbs modify?

A

Verbs - The car drove SLOWLY
Adjectives - The house was VERY large
Other Adverbs - The painting was done PARTICULARLY carefully
Sentences - CERTAINLY, the work will be completed on time.

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41
Q

What are circumstance adverbs (or adjuncts)?

A

They modify verbs, giving details of circumstances like time (when?), manner (how?), frequency (how often?) and place (where?)

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42
Q

What are degree adverbs (or modifiers)?

A

These modify adjectives or adverbs e.g. very, really, so

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43
Q

What are sentence adverbs?

A

These modify a whole sentence e.g. firstly, however, perhaps, surely

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44
Q

Can adverbs take comparative and superlative forms like adjectives?

A

YES!!

45
Q

What are prepositions?

A

These little words describe the relationships that exist between elements in sentences.

46
Q

What are prepositions of place?

A

At, on, by, opposite

47
Q

What are prepositions of direction?

A

towards, past, out of, to, through

48
Q

What are prepositions of source?

A

from, out of

49
Q

What are prepositions of comparison?

A

As…. as, like

50
Q

What are prepositions of purpose?

A

for

51
Q

What are prepositions of time?

A

At, before, in, on

52
Q

What are prepositions of direction?

A

Towards, past, out of, to, through

53
Q

What are interjections?

A

interjections are singe words or phrases that express some sudden emotion.

54
Q

Give some examples of interjections?

A

Phew! Help! Wow! Never! Oh! Well!

55
Q

What are conjunctions?

A

Conjunctions are joining words

56
Q

What are Co-ordinating conjunctions?

A

These join units of equal value e.g the girl AND the boy

57
Q

What are Subordinating Conjunctions?

A

These join a subordinate clause to a main clause

58
Q

What are conjunctions of time?

A

When(ever) , while, as, before, until, after, since, once, when

59
Q

What are conjunctions of place?

A

where, wherever

60
Q

What are purpose conjunctions?

A

So that, in order that

61
Q

What are reason conjunctions?

A

Because, as, since

62
Q

What are condition conjunctions?

A

If, unless

63
Q

What are contrast conjunctions?

A

Although, while, whereas

64
Q

What are comparison conjunctions?

A

as, than, like, as if, as though

65
Q

What are verbs?

A

Verbs are words that can express actions and states

66
Q

What are stative verbs?

A

These express states in which there is no obvious action e.g. to know, to believe, to suppose

67
Q

What are dynamic verbs?

A

These express a wide range of actions which might be physical (to jump), mental (to think) or perceptual (to see)

68
Q

What are Transitive Verbs?

A

They have to be followed by an OBJECT in oder to complete their meaning. The object of the verb is the person or thing to which the verb is done. Without the object the meaning of the sentence would not be complete.

69
Q

What are intransitive verbs?

A

These don’t need to be followed by an object to make sense. e.g. we laughed.

70
Q

Some verbs can be both transitive and intransitive

A

e.g. i was reading / i was reading a novel

71
Q

What are the four different verb forms for REGULAR verbs?

A 
Base Form (normal form) = Walk 
Infinitive (to + base form) = To Walk
Third Person Singular Present Tense = Walks 
Past tense and past participle = Walked 
Present Participle = Walking
72
Q

What are the two min types of verbs?

A
  1. Lexical

2. Auxiliary

73
Q

What are Lexical verbs?

A

These express the meaning in a verb phrase. e.g. Ran, jumped, sang

74
Q

What are auxiliary verbs?

A

These offer additional information. The PRIMARY verbs (to do, to have, to be) can act as auxiliaries e.g. I have gone, I did not go

75
Q

Modal verbs can also act as auxiliaries. What are modal verbs?

A

They convey a range of moods and attitudes e.g. Can/Could , May/Might , Shall/Should, Will/Would , Must

76
Q

What are the two verb voices?

A
  1. Active voice

2. Passive voice

77
Q

What is the active voice?

A

It expresses the action of the verb and directly links it to the person or thing carrying out the action. e.g. the care stopped, the girl picked up the bag.

78
Q

What is the passive voice?

A

It changes the focus of the sentence by reordering it. E.g. Active = The girl hit the ball Passive = The ball was hit (by the girl)

79
Q

Give an example of the simple present tense

A

I walk

80
Q

Give an example of the Present continuous/progressive tense

A

I am walking

81
Q

Give an example of the Past tense

A

I walked

82
Q

Give an example of the Past continuous/progressive tense

A

I was walking

83
Q

Give an example of the Present perfect tense

A

I have walked

84
Q

Give an example of the Past perfect tense

A

I had walked

85
Q

Give an example of the future tense

A

I will walk

86
Q

Give an example of the Conditional tense

A

I would walk

87
Q

What are participles?

A

The part of the verb that ends in -ing, -ed, -en, -t, -d

88
Q

What are finite verbs and give an example?

A

Finite verb change their form. E.g. She lives - She lived | He eats - they eat | I am - you are

89
Q

What are non-finite verbs and give an example?

A

Non-finite verbs never change their form. E.g. Living, to live (infinitive), live (base form), lived (past participle)

90
Q

What are phrases?

A

A phrase is a word or group of words that form a unit but it does not usually contain a finite verb. They have no subject and no finite verb and therefore they do not make sense on their own.

91
Q

Give an example of a phrase

A

For seven years/on the roof

92
Q

What are clauses?

A

These are main structures used to compose sentences.

93
Q

What are main clauses?

A

This is a clause that makes sense on its own and that is not dependent on or part of another clause.

94
Q

What are Subordinate clauses?

A

This is a clause that cannot stand on its own and is dependent on the main clause. By itself it cannot be a sentence.

95
Q

What are the three types of subordinate clause?

A
  1. Adjectival
  2. Adverbial
  3. Noun
96
Q

What are Adjectival Clauses?

A

They must have a finite verb and describe a noun, pronoun or noun equivalent. They are often joined to the main clause by relative pronouns - although the relative pronoun is sometimes omitted. They are sometimes linked to the main clause by conjunctions.

97
Q

What are Adverbial Clauses?

A

Another form of subordinate clause
Dependent on the main clause of the sentence
Qualify the meaning of the verb in the main clause.

98
Q

The different types of adverbial clauses

A
  • Time
  • Place
  • Reason
  • Manner
  • Comparison
  • Purpose
  • Result
  • Condition
  • Concession
99
Q

What are noun clauses?

A

They perform the function of a noun but as a subordinate clause to the main clause of the sentence. Noun clauses are often introduced by te conjunctions ‘that’ or ‘what’ although this is sometimes omitted.

100
Q

How to recognise a noun clause?

A

One useful way of recognising a noun clause is by asking yourself whether ‘something’ could replace the noun clause and still male sense.

101
Q

What are sentences?

A

A sentence is a grammatical construction that makes sense on its own.

102
Q

What is a simple sentence?

A

Has one finite verb
Has one subject
Makes one Statement
Consists of one main clause

103
Q

What is a compound sentence?

A

Consists of two main clauses
Each clause is of equal importance and each has a subject and a finite verb
The clauses are joined by the conjunctions ‘and’, ‘or’, ‘nor’, ‘but’, ‘yet’.

104
Q

What are multiple sentences?

A

A multiple sentence consists of three or more simple sentences

105
Q

What are complex sentences?

A

They do not have clauses of equal value

Have a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses

106
Q

What is a declarative sentence mood?

A

The declarative mood is used for making statements

107
Q

What is an imperative sentence mood?

A

The imperative mood is used for addressing commands or orders

108
Q

What is an interrogative sentence mood?

A

The interrogative mood is used for addressing questions

A Level Combined English (1 decks)

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