Language Disorders Flashcards
Important to all social and educational functioning because it is a means of communicating and surviving in a society geared around these two factors.
Communication & Language
________ can have a negative impact on an individuals future educational, social, and vocational opportunities
Language deficit
The most distinctive attribute of human beings; acquisition is a major part of human development
Language
defined as the process of sending and receiving messages, information, ideas, and or feelings
Communication
Includes both physical speech productions but also symbolic nature, actions, and behaviors that contain messages
Communication
Not limited to humans — just communicate higher orders of complex thoughts, feeling, and ideas using language
Communication
process by which two individuals exchange information and convey ideas/messages
Communication
List the Functions of Communication:
- Self Expression
- Tell Stories
- Ask Questions/ Give answers
- Tell Jokes
- Give Demands
- Share thoughts, ideas, opinions, experiences
- Convey Information
- Conduct affairs
Active process that requires participants and mode
Communication
List the components of communication:
Sender, Receiver, Channel, Shared mode of communication
formulates produces the message
Sender
decodes & comprehends the message transmitted by the sender
Reciever
defined as a code in which humans manipulate specific symbols to make them stand for something else
Language
A code whereby ideas about the world are represented through a conventional system of arbitrary signals for communicaiton
Language
Coded symbols should refer to :
real things, concepts, ideas, and referents
Considered a convention with rules that guide coded symbols and its ability to combine with other coded symbols
Language
Belief that ALL humans are born with the innate ability to learn and use langauge; most babies are born with the capacity to use language; however it is not ________, need to learn the langauge or code of the linguistic system of the community they live in
automatic
Oral expression of langauge
Speech
involves a sensorimotor process that requires users to reproduce the coded symbols embedded in their CNS
speech
Requires neurological control of oral cavity’s physical movements to create sound patterns
Speech
Sound patters require:
respiration, phonation, resonation, and articulation
Process by which individuals exchanged information and convey ideas
Communication
Oral verbal mode of transmitting messages involving precise coordination of oral neuromuscular movements in order to produce sounds and linguistic units.
Speech
a socially shared code or conventional system which represents an idea via the use of random symbols and rules that manages combinations of said symbols.
Language
a behavior or action that conveys a message (loudness, frowning, gestures); Can enhance or change the linguistic code/message meaning
Extralinguistics
melodic components of speech that modify the meaning of the message spoken (pitch and intonation)
Paralinguistics
non-verbal aspects of communication considered a system in itself
Nonlinguistics
space and physical distance between communicators
Proxemics
body movements used for communication
Kinesics
higher aspects of the use of language; ability to use langauge to communication, talk about, or analyze langauge; ability to reword, make corrections, generate rhyming words, frequent monitoring of self ocmmunication
Metalinguistics
Verbal aspects of communication
speech & language
Examples of Communication Helpers:
stress patterns; rhythm; rate of speech; tone of voice; pitch
Examples of Nonverbal forms of communication
body movement and orientation; physical contact; facial expressions; gestures; looks; visual signs
The main use of speech and language is to communicate; aspects of communication can enhance or distort the linguistic code
.
intonation patterns, stress, and speech rate that signal the attitude and emotions of the speaker resulting in a change in the linguistic information
Paralinguistic cues
involves gestures, body movements, eye contact, facial expressions that may add or take away from the linguistic message
Nonlinguistic cues
considered teh primary purpose of communication, yet it is NOT the only means available to communicate
Speech
5 Basic Components of Language
Phonology, Semantics, Syntax, Morphology, Pragmatics
Use of a specific set of speech sounds in a planned sequence to communicate meaing; description of the systems and patterns of phonemmes that occur in langauge
Phonology
sounds that allow individuals to tell the difference between one word from another
Phonemes
Addresses the referents of words and the meaning of utterances; involves the vocabulary of a language/lexical system
Semantics
Referential meanings; Connotative (emotially associated)
Semantics
Process of categorizing and recategorizing words to fit referents and characteristics; Context assists in determining meaning in words with different meanings
Semantics
Addresses relational meaning(meaning conveyed by the relationship among words)
Semantics
allows statements to take on a meaning beyond the words on its own
prepositional meaning
placement of the word determines its logic
Semantics
When a statement gives no clue as to the meaning of a word; requires context to determine meaning
Ambiguous Statements
going beyond meaning that is developed from literal interpretations
Figurative Meaning
Figurative meaning includes what?
metaphore, similies, proverbs, idioms
meaning that is developed from the logical relationship of the statements
Inferential
Set of rules that govern how words are to be sequenced and how the words in utterances are related
Syntax
all language systems have syntax; Determines what words can be combined in what order; reversal of word order gives different meaning
.
using operational rules, change a sentence by adding, deleting or rearranging words for various type of sentences
Transformational
smallest unit of meaning in language
morphemes
cannot be divided into smaller meaning
roots
attached to words to change the meaing
affixes
using various word forms and the rules for using grammatical markers or inflections together; include plurals, verb tenses, adverbs, and superalitves; discusses as part of the phonological system
Morphology
can stand alone in language and have meaning
Free morphemes
cannot stand alone in language and have meaning
Bound morphemes
Considered an active process that requires the sender to encode or create a message; requires the receiver to decode or understand the message
Communication
Partners of the communication process must be aware of the needs of the other in order to make sure that messages are accurately and effectively conveyed and comprehended
Goal of communication
Examples of other modes of communication:
Writing, Drawing, Manual Signing, Gestures
Users choose the mode of communication depending on the context of the conversation. their needs and abilites, the needs of the listerner, and the message they want to convey
.
There exists hundreds of langauges that possess their own particular set of symbols and rules
Language
Can only exist when users of it have agreed on the chosen symbols and rules that will represent it
Language
allow the users of that language to represent an object, event, or a relationship by way of combination of symbols or one set symbol
linguistic codes
Includes rules that are considered complex of which govern sounds, words, sentences, meaning, and use
language
Rules presented in language underlie a speaker’s ability to understand language ____________ and their ability to create langauge _____________
language comprehension & language production
an individuals implicit knowledge about the rules of their langauge. Cna understand the language and create an infinite number of sentences and use a variety of language in social settings.
Linguistic Competence
Native Speakers and listeners of a language learn a linguistic rule system. Rule system is divided into 3 components:
Form, Content, Use
Form:
Content:
Use:
- Phonology, morphology, Syntax
- Semantics
- Pragmatics
4 Multidisciplinary approaches addresseing the study of langauge acquistion
-Behavioral, Psycholinguistic/Syntactic, Semantic/Cognitive, Pragmatic
Argues that langauge acquisition depends on environmental variables mastered through imitation, practice, and selective reinforcement; langauge is gained through slow collection of vocal symbols and sequences of symbols
Behavioral Approach
Model of utterances by parents and other important persons in the child’s life is vital to this theory
Behavioral Approach
the human brain possesses a mental plan used to understand an generate sentences. The mental plan was heorized to allow the child the ability to internalize knowledge needed for deriving sentences
Psycholinguistic/Syntactic Approach
the innate mechanism activated by the child’s exposure to language
Language Acquisition Device
studied the meanign conveyed by a child’s utterances instead of the syntax production
Semantic Cognitive Approach
views langauge development within the frameword of social development; child learns language as a means of being able to socialize and direct the behaviors of others
Pragmatic approach
Language is only acquired if and only id the child has ____________. Child must learn that they can influence their environment
reason to talk
_______ is acquired as a means of acknowledging alreading existing communicaiton functions
Langauge
Language is learned in ______________ interactions that involve the child and the nature langauge user in their environment
dynamic social
The child acts as an active part in the ___________ and have to contribute to the process by behaving in ways that allows them to benefit from the adults facilitating behavior.
transactional process
The use of langauge generalyl involves ___ people in a communicative situation
2
Turn taking in a conversation is deemed:
Dyadic communication
The communication cycle is NOT complete until both the sender and reciever are using the same code and using the same rules of language to communicate.
.
most common modality of communication; children acquire this mode first
auditory-oral system for language
Hear and comprehend before you
read or write
Other communication modalities that can be used:
Visual-graphic, reading, writing
2 other forms besides non-verbal communication
manual communication; augmentative and alternative communication
Used with hearing impaired, deaf, non-verbal/critical communication needs
Manual Communication/ sign language
involves all forms of communication to express thoughts, needs, wants, and ideas
AAC
Individuals with severe speech or langauge problems use AAC to supplement existing speech or replace speech not functional
.
Goals of AAC include:
assistane in increasing social interaction, school performance, and feelings of self-worth
AAC users should no stop using speech if they are able to do so. The AAC aids and devices are used to enhance their comunication
.
user’s body implemented to convey messages (gestures, body language, and/or sign language)
Unaided communication systems
the use of tools/equipment + teh user’s body
Aided Communicaiton Systems
complete usage of natural resources
No tech AAC
mixture between notech and device that have max. 4-6 overlays, one button ,one recordable message etc.
Low Tech AAC
devices taht require higher cognitive ability. represent multiple overlays, can record more than one message etc.
High tech AAC
shaking, nodding the heading, shrugging the shoulder.
Gestures
langauge composed of different hand shapes origninally developed for people with severe hearing loss or deafness; require certain amount of manual dexterity, and are not understood well by people who do not know the system
Sign Languages
letters are formed by different shapes of the hand and fingers; each word is then spelled out; often is used with sign language for spelling of proper names, technical terms an the like.
Fingerspelling
oral symbols can be spoken by a person or generated by a computer
speech
The major physcial bases inlcude:
ear-speech mechanisms
nervous system
7 Cranial nerves that deal with langauge and pseech :
Trigeminal Facial Vestibulochoclear Glossopharyngeal Vagus Accessory Hypoglossal
allow them to process and organize incoming stimuli/information
Schemas
Four Stages of Cognitive Development:
-Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete, Formal
Become aware of the world, at end of stage use words to refer to entities properties and actions
Sensorimotor period (0-2 year)
Become aware of spech,time, and quantity concepts and relationships
Preoperational though (2-7 years)
Develop logical thought processes
Concrete Operations (7-11 years)
Develop Logical abstract thought
Formal Operation (11-15 year)
way you deal with stimuli incomin and how you process it in your head
Info Processing
consciously analyzing, controlling, planning, and organizing what you know
Metacognition
Infant/Caregiver Attachment Occurs secondary to:
close nurturing, long-term relationship, become attached to familiar faces, voices, and smells, caregive takes care of needs = attachement, unique communiation system shared,
maternal language patterns presented to a child; short utterances, simple utterances, slow rate of speech, stressed words
Motherese
Considered to be childs exact reproductions of adults utterances; does not fully account for the langauge learning process
Imitation
Children are later able to produce novel utterances; As productive langauge develops -> imitation decreases
.
From imitation children extract the rules fro behavior, imitations that contain the rules, not exact duplication.
.
Used in conditioning or stimulus-response theories of learning; not all utterances are reinforced; adults provide language models and reinforce verbal behavior
Reinforcement
______ influenced by the child’s ineraction with people and events in their environment
Language acquisition
child interaction different from language presetnd in adult-adult interaction
Caretaker
This kind of speech is focused on the here and now
Adult-child speech
parents provide the opportunity by being responsive to child actions, gestrues, vocalization, and then providing a vast amount of info about langauge system via input
Discourse Frames
Parent provides child with repeated presentation of familiar materials in book reading/storytelling. Gives child the chance to recognize and internalize structure of texts
Predicatble Texts
Verbal responses that increase the length/complexity of the child’s uterrance
Expansion
Verbal responses that add new but relevant information to the child utterance
Expatiations
Questions posed to fill in the pieces of an utterance, then adult speaks the entire utterance
Vertical Structuring
Comment/questions to extend what child has said
Prompts
Repeat the childs utterance
Repetition
A model provided of the adult form of the childs utterance
Recast
component of language focused on meaning. Meaning expressed through language at word, sentence, and discourse level
Semantics Development
acquiring meanings that code relationships among people, object, and events
Relational Meaning
notes an object
Existence
notes an entity is absent
Nonexistence
notes entity has disappeared
Disappearance
requests reappearance. notes an entity reappears
Recurrence
Examples of primitive speech acts:
Requesting action, protesting, requeting answer, labeling, answering, greeting, repeating, practicing, calling
These assist in calculating a childs MLU
14 grammatical morphemes
average number of morphemes per utterance that child produces
MLU
assists in utterance lenth increase
Morphology
Children ID and talk about relations in one event
Chained single-word utterances
increase the variety of communicative intents that involve gaining attention. requests, calling (___________); naming description, giving info beyond present (__________); describe activites intend to carry out an action, refusal, protest(______); imitation, answer, conversational responses questions (__________)
Pragmatic development
- regulation intents
- statement intent
- exchange intent
- conversational intent
Topic/maintenance devices; attend to one or more words in a previous utterance and repeat or imitate those portions in their succeeding responses
focus/imiation
by age 3 child decreases use of focus/imitation to this; children add info to the top of previous uterance or modify the previous utterance
Substitution/ expansion
_______ children are able to participate in dialogues and apply turn taking rules
18-24 months
everyone has fluency difficulties in converation one time or another phrases are revised, words repeated, hesitation & fillers furing message delivery
.
Common part of lagnuage, not limited to storytelling- describing, recounting- demands on logical structure, temporal and casual sequencing, cohesion and presuppiostional abilites
Narratives
6 Stages of Narratives:
1- heaps 2- sequences 3- primitive temporal narratives 4- unfocused temporal chains 5- focused temporal or causal chains 6- proper or true narratives
