Language Concepts and Acquisition Flashcards
What is TESOL?
Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages – a certification to teach English to English Language Learners.
TESOL is a broad term.
A subset of TESOL is TEFL, Teaching English as a Foreign Language. TEFL generally refers to teaching English in a non-English-speaking country.
What is NCATE/CAEP?
National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE) was a professional accreditor of teacher education programs in U.S. colleges and universities. In 2013 it merged with another professional accreditor, the Teacher Education Accreditation Council, to form the present-day accreditor the Council for the Accreditation of Educator Preparation (CAEP). NCATE/CAEP were/are coalitions of many professional associations.
What are the 5 domains of TESOL standards?
Domain 1: Language Domain 2: Culture Domain 3: Instruction (Planning, Implementing, and Managing Instruction) Domain 4: Assessment Domain 5: Professionalism
Summarize TESOL Domain 1: Language
In Domain 1: Language, candidates know, understand, and use the major theories and research related to the structure and acquisition of language to help ELLs develop language and literacy and achieve in the content areas.
What are the two subdomains under Domain 1: Language?
1.a Language as a System
(Integrative System; Structure of Language)
1.b Language Acquisition and Development
What is phonology?
(The study of) the sound system of (a) language
= the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural language.
Includes such things as: the sounds that are part of a language and how they are pronounced; how sounds are put together and blended to create words; what sounds can be “neighbors”; how words consist of syllables; how words rhyme.
What is morphology?
The study of) the structure of words. The study of the meaningful parts of words and how they are put together (word formation).
Words are formed by putting together morphemes, for example: a base and affixes (prefixes and suffixes).
What is syntax?
The study of the structure of phrases, clauses, and sentences. The study of the way sentences are constructed and how they relate to each other.
Syntax can be learned by studying grammar rules and includes such things as word order in a phrase or sentence; agreement of person, number and tense; and subject/object forms (e.g. she/her).
What are semantics?
The study of the meaning of morphemes, words, phrases and sentences. It is also concerned with the way meanings change and develop.
In linguistics, semantics is studied apart from pragmatics.
What are pragmatics?
The study of appropriate language use, especially how context (time, place, social relationship) influences interpretation. The study of the effect of context on meaning. The study of aspects of meaning that are dependent on the context, the speaker (for example, the speaker’s goals), and the audience.
What is grammar?
The study of the structure or conventions of how parts of speech come together to form sentences.
What are mechanics?
The rules of written language such as capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.
What are rhetorical structures?
(Tentative) Use of linguistic tools involving patterns of sentences, sounds, and meanings to evoke a particular response from the listener or reader.
What are the four major types of rhetorical devices?
- Logos
- Pathos
- Ethos
- Kairos
What is logos, as a type of rhetorical device?
Attempting to persuade by the use of logic and reason. Examples: citing facts, statements from experts, and statistics.
What is pathos, as a type of rhetorical device?
Attempting to evoke emotions. Examples: attempts to evoke compassion or pity, but also attempts to evoke anger; attempts to use emotion to inspire action or response.
What is ethos, as a type of rhetorical device?
Attempting to convince on the basis of right or wrong (ethics), for example trying to persuade the audience that the speaker has the experience and judgment necessary to decide what’s right.
What is kairos, as a type of rhetorical device?
Attempting to convince on the basis of timeliness; that the time has come for a particular idea or action.
What is discourse?
A continuous stretch of speech or writing longer than a single sentence to express a thought, generally in a social context. The study of discourse includes social rules of conversation and writing style. (Spoken and written discourse are different.) The word is derived from the latin prefix dis- meaning “away” and the root word currere meaning “to run”.
What is SLA?
Second Language Acquisition
Note: This term is used to refer to the acquisition of an additional language, whether second, third, fourth, fifth, etc.
What is ESL?
English as a Second Language
Note: This term is used to refer to English as an additional language, whether second, third,, fourth, fifth, etc.
What is ELL?
English Language Learner
What is LEP?
Limited English Proficient
What is NES?
Native-English-Speaking
What are some personal and affective variables that affect language learning?
Prior formal education, age of arrival in the United States, stage of development, literacy level in the L1, motivation, personality. (And stress level?)
What is lexicon in linguistics?
One’s mental list of the words in a language, including information about the meaning, grammatical function, pronunciation.
OR
The knowledge that a native speaker has about a language. This includes information about
* the form and meanings of words and phrases
* lexical categorization (part of speech)
* the appropriate usage of words and phrases
* relationships between words and phrases, and
* categories of words and phrases.
In linguistics it typically does NOT include grammatical or phonological (pronunciation) rules. Both definitions were given in the Teaching English Learners course.
What are ELPS?
English Language Proficiency Standards
What are language registers?
Styles of language use dependent on situational context including the situation, subject/topic, purpose, and the relationships between the speakers, or between speaker/writer and audience. The language register affects the choice of vocabulary, sentence structure and grammar. Spoken registers involve different tones of voice.
What is the cognitive approach to language acquisition?
An approach to language acquisition that emphasizes extemporaneous conversation, immersion, and other techniques intended to simulate the environment in which most people acquire their native language as children
What are phonics?
The study of the relationships between the speech sounds (phonemes) and the letters (graphemes) that represent them, in a language. It is also called decoding. It involves sounding out unknown words.
What are the three main types of phonics?
Analytic, Embedded, and Synthetic
What is analytic phonics?
A method of phonics instruction that starts with the whole word and analyzes it. It is used with the whole word method of reading instruction. Does not use blending.
What is analogy phonics?
A subset of analytic phonics that uses onset and rime to make analogies between different words.
What is embedded phonics?
A nonsystematic method of teaching phonics in the context of reading a story or when reading difficulties arise. It is used with the whole word method of reading instruction.
What is synthetic phonics?
A systematic method that begins by teaching the “code”: the sounds of the letters, then blending the letter sounds into words. Decodable stories are read. Reading and spelling are taught together.
What are morphemes?
The smallest meaningful spoken units of language. They can be one or more syllables. They can form an entire word or part of a word.
“Morphos” means “form or structure” in Greek; ‘eme’ means “an element or little piece of something.”
What are the two basic types of morphemes?
Free (independent) and bound (dependent)
What is an inflectional ending?
Definition: an ending that alters the grammatical function of a word, for example, making it plural or possessive or changing the verb tense.
Examples: -s, -es, -ing, -ed
What are syntactic classes?
Parts of speech such as nouns, verbs, and adjectives.
What are syntactic functions?
Purposes in a sentence such as subject and object.
What is a free morpheme?
A free morpheme can stand alone as a word.
Free morphemes are base words.
Base words that are free morphemes are called free bases.
Free morphemes can be content words or function words.
Some free morphemes can be combined with other free morphemes to form compound words.
Example: mail + box = mailbox.
Some free morphemes can be combined with affixes to form complex words.
Example: run + -ing => running
What is a bound morpheme?
A bound morpheme cannot stand alone as a word.
Examples:
Roots that cannot stand alone, such as -ject, are bound morphemes. They are called bound bases, and are combined with affixes to make a word.
Affixes such as pre- and -ing are also bound morphemes. They are combined with a base to make a word.
What are function words?
Words that form connections and relationships between the content words in a sentence, modifying the meanings of the main words. They may be:
Articles such as the, a, an
Pronouns such as he, she, his, her
Demonstrative Adjectives (or Pronouns) such as this, that, those, these
Auxiliary Verbs such as will, is, must, does
Quantifiers/Determiners/Pronouns such as some, many, few
Prepositions such as under, over, to, by
Conjunctions such as for, and, but, or