Language Change

Question 1

At what period did standardisation occur?

Answer 1

1750-1850

Question 2

When was the printing press introduced?

Answer 2

It was introduced by Claxton was 1476

Question 3

What were the three basic punctuation marks in early modern era?

Answer 3

the full stop, the colon, and a forward slash sign known as a virgule (/) which functioned like s comms

Question 4

Influence of Latin and Greek

Answer 4

They have also gave lots of prefixes, like anto (greek), or bi (latin) AFFIXATION

Question 5

Th Great vowell shift was the major phonological difference between middle English and Early modern english

Answer 5

naam became name
hoos became house
teem became time

Question 6

Archaic grammar in early modern era

Answer 6

verb forms used such as art and second and third person inflections -st and -th as in lovest and loveth
double negatives and double comparatives were acceptable
Inverted syntax

Question 7

when was the Johnson’s dictionary published?

Answer 7

1755. It laid down rules for the spelling and meaning of words .

Question 8

In early modern English, different second person pronouns were used depending on a person’s status

Answer 8

You was used to address someone of a higher social rank, and thou was used for someone of a lower social rank

Question 9

Neologisms in late modern English are a result of scientific progress, new inventions and cultural changes

Answer 9

For instance radio, chemotherapy and hippie

Question 10

Improved communication and increased mobility in Late modern era meant people were exposed to a wide range of accents and dialects for the first time

Answer 10

Radio, films and television have affected RP

Invention of travel vehicles meant that dialects are more diluted

Question 11

Compounding

Answer 11

Combining two separate words to create one word

Question 12

Blending

Answer 12

is when two separate words are actually merged together

Question 13

Conversion

Answer 13

New words are also created when an existing word changes class. e.g. many words that started off as nouns are also used as verbs. e.g. to text, or to mail.

Question 14

Clipping

Answer 14

This is when you drop a syllable to create an abbreviation, e.g phone instead of telephone

Question 15

Initialism

Answer 15

Where the first letters of a word create a word in itself. Pronounced letter by letter

Question 16

Acronyms

Answer 16

Initial letters of words also combine to create a completely new word. Pronounced as a word in itself

Question 17

Amelioration

Answer 17

e.g. nice used to mean foolish, tremendous used to mean terrible, but is now used to say something is very good, mischievous used to mean disastrous but now means playfully malicious

Question 18

Pejoration

Answer 18

Notororious used to mean well known where as now it means well known for doing something bad

Question 19

Broadening

Answer 19

e.g. place used to mean an open space in a city, market place or square but now refers to anywhere

Question 20

Narrowing

Answer 20

meat used to mean food in general but now specifically refers to animal flesh

Question 21

Semantic change by political correctness

Answer 21

purpose was to remove negative connotations from the language. e.g. old people referred to as senior citizens, disabled people as people with dissabilities, term ‘half caste’ no longer used

Question 22

Metonym

Answer 22

is when we use a word associated with an object instead of the object itself. e.g. cash used to mean money box but now means money itself. This shows how figurative expressions give new meanings to old words

Question 23

euphemism

Answer 23

the use of alternative words or phrases to avoif offending someone or to make something appear less unpleasant

Question 24

cliché

Answer 24

if idioms become used a lot, they may become clichés, overused phrases which fail to excite the imagination. The business world has many clichés

Question 25

syntax order

Answer 25

The use of inflections and increased use of auxiliary verbs made it possible to have different subject, verb and object word orders whereas now we have a fairly rigid subject-verb-object order

Question 26

Graphological change- typefaces

Answer 26

Up until the middle of 20th century, serif type faces were traditionally used (with a stroke at the top and bottom) , until serif sans typefaces were adopted (without a stroke) to look more modern.
A more wider variety of typefaces are used today

Question 27

Newspaper layout has changed

Answer 27

In the twentieth century, the leading was very dense, the text is small, there are no photos and it’s black and white.
However, in the twenty first century, the leading was wider (text less dense) and there is a range of colour, including photos and there’s information about what’s inside newspaper

Question 28

Layout of books has changed

Answer 28

the earliest books had two collumns to a page, ehere as they now tend to have one
They are also now more innovative and visually pleasing

Question 29

Electronic media has changed the appearance of written communication.

Answer 29

web developers can use different layouts, typefaces and colours without having to think about printing costs. web pages also tend to contain small chunks of text broken up and they can even use interactive features.