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A Level English Language > Language Change > Flashcards

Language Change Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

Synchronic variation

A

Variation at any given time (e.g. if things are synchronous, they are happening at the same time)

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2
Q

Diachronic variation

A

Variation over time

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3
Q

Borrowings

A

Words from other languages are incorporated into English e.g. deja vu

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4
Q

Compounds

A

New words are made by joining two words together e.g. handbag

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5
Q

Blends

A

New words are made by blending other words together e.g. bromance

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6
Q

Acronyms

A

Acronyms become words through common usage e.g. phone

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7
Q

Initialisms

A

Phrases can become so commonly used that they become lexicalized e.g. FYI, FOMO

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8
Q

Word class changes

A

New meanings are formed when words were used in different word classes

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9
Q

Morphology

A

New words are formed when prefixes or suffixes are added to existing words e.g. unbothered

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10
Q

Coinages

A

Completely invented new words (often slang)

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11
Q

Abbreviations

A

Words getting shortened e.g. obvs, litch

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12
Q

Semantic change (or shift)

A

The general term for how words change their meanings. This can happen when words pick up new meanings (especially among the young), and the old meanings gradually drop away as the elder die e.g. gay

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13
Q

Amelioration

A

This is the process of semantic change whereby a word develops more positive connotations over time e.g. nice originally meant ignorant

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14
Q

Pejoration

A

This is the opposite of amelioration. When this happens, words take on a more negative meaning

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15
Q

Semantic reclamation

A

This is the process whereby particular groups consciously reclaim a pejorative and start to self-consciously ameliorate the meaning e.g. queer

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16
Q

Broadening

A

When words pick up wider and less specific meanings

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17
Q

Narrowing

A

When words gain more specific meanings and lose their broader meaning

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18
Q

4000 BC

A

English originated somewhere between south Russia and the Baltic around 4000 BC or slightly earlier.

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19
Q

0 AD

A

Britain, being part of the Roman Empire, was inhabited by celts who spoke Celtic and romanised celts who spoke a form of Latin. The romans then left, leaving the land to the celts.

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20
Q

5th century AD

A

Germaic tribes from northern Germany invaded the island. These tribes were known as the angles, the Saxons and the jutes. The celts retreated to the west where the Celtic languages survived (Cornish, welsh and Gaelic)

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21
Q

500-1100 AD

A

Old English

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22
Q

Approx. 700 AD

A

Beowolf

23
Q

Mid 9th-11th centuries

A

Britain was invaded for the second time, this time by the vikings, who spoke old Norse. They colonised large parts of eastern and northern England

24
Q

1066

A

The Duke of Normandy (William the conqueror) defeated and killed the last anglo-Saxon king of England at the battle of Hastings and made himself king. The norman conquest brought a huge influx of Latin and french vocab into English.

25
Q

1100-1300 AD

A

Early Middle English

26
Q

1300-1500 AD

A

Late Middle English

27
Q

1380s

A

The Canterbury tales

28
Q

1470s

A

Caxtons printing press

29
Q

The great vowel shift

A

A series of changes in the pronunciation of the English language that took place primarily between 1400-1700

30
Q

1500-1700

A

Early modern English

31
Q

1540-1611

A

Shakespeare

32
Q

1611

A

The King James Bible

33
Q

1700-now

A

Modern english

34
Q

1755

A

Samuel Johnson’s dictionary

35
Q

1776

A

English,the language of the US, has spread across North America

36
Q

1886

A

Oxford English Dictionary

37
Q

1876

A

The telephone

38
Q

English change: pronunciation

A

-Why English spelling is so strange? Pronunciation changes, but spelling does not, spelling reflects pronunciation
-relevant technology for phonology: writing done by trained scribes, 1450: moveable type invented in Europe, 1476: William Caxton set up the first English press, 1604: Robert caudreys table alphabetical published, Noah Webster: American English dictionary

39
Q

Inflections

A

A change in the form of a word to express a grammatical function or attribute such as tense, mood, person, number and gender

40
Q

Subjective case

A

When a noun or pronoun is the subject of a verb

41
Q

Objective case

A

When a noun or pronoun is the object of a verb or preposition

42
Q

Possessive case

A

When a noun or pronoun shows ownership or relationship.

43
Q

Inflections in nouns

A
  • the comparative -er
  • the superlative -est
  • possessive ‘s
  • plural -s
  • 3rd person singular -s
44
Q

Inflections in verbs

A

-en forms of verbs
-ing forms of verbs
-the -ve particle ‘nt
-the past tense -d,-ed,-t

45
Q

The grammar of negation

A

Turning affirmative declarative sentences into negative declarative sentences

46
Q

Periphrasis

A

The use of one or more function of words to express meaning that otherwise may be expressed through one inflection. The resulting phrase includes two or more collocated words instead of one inflected word.

47
Q

Examples of Saxon words

A

Man, woman, eat, drink, sleep

48
Q

Examples of Latin words

A

Cock, pear, cup, pail, anchor, minister

49
Q

Examples of Viking words

A

Haven, knife, take, root

50
Q

Examples of Norman words

A

Castle, tower, moat, court, chimney

51
Q

Words from india

A

Cockatoo, chintz, pyjamas

52
Q

Words from Persia

A

Divan, Shawel

53
Q

Words from turkey

A

Coffee

A Level English Language (1 decks)

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