Language Arts Flashcards
Fable
A story that uses animals or plants to provide a moral lesson. Animals given human characteristics
Fantasy
Involves an invented world, like Middle Earth in Lord of the Rings
Fairy Tales
Type of folk tale that contains elements of magic or magical beings, such as a fairy or dragon.
Folk Tales
Traditional story that can date back many centuries, passed down orally
Legend
Although based on historical event, story is ficitional, doesn’t contain magic
Mystery
Stories where the characters attempt to find information. Discovery at climax
Novel
Long fictional narrative
Round Character
3-Dimension, well developed, may contain contradictions. Growth through the story.
Flat Character
1-Dimension. Sterotypical, symbolic. Simple characters
Tone
Mood or attitude conveyed in the writing
Situational Irony
Incongruity between what is expected to happen and what actually occurs.
Point of View
The person who is telling the story
First Person Narrator
Tells the story from his or her own point of view using “ I “
Second Person Point of View
The writer uses the pronoun “you”, and the reader becomes a character in the story, thinking the thoughts and performing the actions of the main character.
Third Person Narrator
Uses he, she, and they. Knows everything about the characters and tells us what the characters think and feel.
Satire
Form of comedy in which the writer exposes and ridicules someone or something in order to inspire change.
Verbal Irony
Intended meaning is the opposite of the expressed meaning.
Diction
Specific language the writer uses to describe people, places, and things.
Main Idea
Why the writer thinks the story is important enough to tell
Lyrical Poem
Short, emotional poems that personal from a single speaker
Imaginistic Poem
Aims to capture a moment and help us experience that moment sensually (through our senses)
Arguementative Poem
Poem explores an idea (such as love or valor)
Elegy
Poem that laments the loss of someone or something.
Ode
Celebrates a person, place, thing, or event
Exact Rhymes
Share the same last syllables (the last consonant and vowel combination)
cat, hat; laugh, staff
Half Rhymes
Final consonant
cat, hot; adamant, government
Eye Rhymes
look like a rhyme
bough, through
Alliteration
Repetition of sounds
Assonance
The repetition of vowel sounds within a sentence or phrase to create an internal rhyme.
Emotive Poem
Aims to capture a mood or emotion to make readers feel that mood or emotion
Perspective
The narrators attitude throughout the story.
Myth
Includes a god or hero to explain a phenomenon
Adventure
Fiction provides a great deal of action (often violence)
Meter
Number of syllables in a line and how the stress falls on those syllables.
Iambic meter
Stress falls on every other syllable. dah-dum, dah-dum
Foot
Each drum beat (dah-dum)
Stanza
Poetic paragraph
Line Breaks and Stanzas
- Call attention to the words at the end of each line
2. Set aside each group of words as a distinct idea
Rhymed and Meter/Blank Verse
Lines must follow a rhyme scheme or metrical patter, or both.
Sonnet
14 lines, in iambic pentameter (5 feet per line)
Quatrains
Stanza of 4 lines
Couplet
Pair of rhyming lines
Shakespearian Sonnet
- 3 quatrains
- Ends with a couplet
Ballad
Poem that tells a story and is meant to be sung
Blank/Metered verse
Only meter, no rhyme
Set number of syllables Example, haiku
Limerick
5 line poem with rhyme scheme aabba
Haiku
5,7,3 syllables (unrhymed)
Free verse
No rhyme or meter requirements
Primary Source
Directly from the witness of event.
- Autobiographies, diaries, and personal letters
Newspapers
Cover who,what,when,where, and how in first paragraph
Contributing Cause
Factor that helps to make something happen but can’t make it happen by itself
Sufficient Cause
An event by itself is strong enough to make the event happen
Problem and Solution
Presents an issue at the beginning of the text then attempts to resolve it throughout the text
Emerging Readers
Students encountering print in an early development stage
Alphabetic Principle
Letters represent the sounds of a language and can be used systematically
Direct Instruction
Straightforward method of passing information from a teacher to a student
Scaffolding
Teachers initially provide the reading assistance, and then gradually shift the responsibility of the learning to the students
Shared Reading
Involves students reading along while an expert reads fluently.
Shared Writing
Composition of a text created by the teacher and the students. The teacher generally writes the story while the students piece together the students’ ideas.
Sight Words
Words that students should be able to recognize as soon as the student sees them in print.
Metacognition
Think about how the text affects them directly
Text innovation
Rewrite text so that the readability level is low enough for the struggling reader
Phonology
System of sounds in a language
Phoneme
Single sounds, 44 phonemes
Sound Segmentation
Students to separate the sounds in word by speaking each of the sound separately in the order in which they appear in the word
Syllable
Has at least one vowel sound
Syllabication
Splitting a word into syllabels
Independent Reader
Accuracy rate 95% to 100%
Instructional reader
Accuracy rate 90% to 95%
Frustrational reader
Accuracy below 90%
K-W-L Chart
Know
Want to learn
Learned from reading
Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review (SQ3R)
Survey the text by reading titles, subtitles, pictures, and skimming text
Questions that students want answered about the text
Read the text
Recite the text by students writing summaries
Review by remembering key phrases
Subject
Person, place, or thing in a sentence performing the action
Predicate
The action that is being done by the subject in the sentence
Complete predicate
“Watches the sunrise from her porch”
Simple predicate
The main verb, ex. “watches”
Singular and Plural Verbs
A verb takes on an s if the subject that is doing the event is singular. If the subject is plural, the verb does not have the s.
Personal Pronouns
Chase grabbed the microphone and gave it to me.
She ran the marathon in under 4 hours.
Possessive Pronouns
Jack read his book in a week.
Mine is the fastest computer in the class.
Prepositions
Words that express the relationship in time or space between words in a sentence. Ex. in, on, around, above, below, between
Dependent Clauses
Part of a sentence that has it’s own subject and verb, but cannot stand by themselves as a sentence
Independent Clauses
Part of a sentence that has it’s own subject and verb, but can stand by themselves as a sentence
Participial phrase
Short descriptive phrase at the beginning of a sentence.
ex. Howling at the moon, Rover sat alone in his master’s yard.
Prepositional Phrase
Short phrase that helps describe a verb or adjective within a sentence
ex. The book with the yellow cover was written by my uncle.
Appositive Phrase
Short phrase that modifies a noun or pronoun using other nouns.
ex. My brother’s car, a beautiful green convertible, was damaged by the recent storm.
Subject Verb Agreement
Singular nouns take singular verbs
Plural nouns take plural verbs
Pronoun agreement
Singular nouns take singular pronouns
Plural nouns take plural pronouns
Whose
Belonging to whom
Who’s
who is or who has
Who
refers to people
Incomplete Vebs
-ing verb without a helping verb (is, has, has been, was, had, had been)
Subjunctive Mood
Verb expresses something that is imagined, wished for, or contrary to fact.
ex. If I were a millionaire
Participle
Word that is usually associated as a verb but is used as an adjective and modify a noun.
ex. Crying baby
Infinite
to be
to fall
to live
Paragraph
A group of sentences about the same idea
Simple Sentence
One independent clause and no dependent clauses.
Compound Sentence
Combines multiple independent clauses in a sentence, but has no dependent clauses.
Complex Sentence
One independent clause and at least one dependent clause
Compound Complex Sentence
Combines multiple independent clauses in a sentence and at least one dependent clause
Declarative Sentence
Declares something, ends with a period
Imperative Sentence
Gives a command, ends with period or exclamation point
Orthography
Proper way to use a written system of language, including proper spelling.
Morphology
Structure of words and their parts, including morphemes
Morphemes
Smallest sound with meaning
Semantics
Specific meaning, or meanings, of a words in a written language.
Idiom
Word or group of words that cannot be interpreted literally
Style
the overall manner of writing, including sentence structure and the level of formality, which is managed through word choice.
Picture writing/drawing
Students express their thoughts via drawing and pictures (no words or letters)
Scribble Writing
Children begin to draw recognizable shapes and have verbal stories to go with them
Random Letter
Students begin to string letters together with their pictures. Words undecipherable
Invested Spelling
Use letters to match sounds. may only use the beginning letter to represent a word
Phonetic Stage
Write words with the correct beginning and ending sounds
Transitional Stage
Write words based on the way they sound
Stories they write are a few sentences long and may include punctuation.
Conventional Writing
Spell words correctly, using phonetics for longer words, using punctuation.
