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psychology 112 > Language and thought > Flashcards

Language and thought Flashcards

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1
Q

Phonemes are

A

the smallest speech units in a a language that can be distinguished. (sounds)

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2
Q

Morphemes are

A

the smallest units of meaning in a language

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3
Q

Semantics is

A

the meaning of words & word combinations/ how they’re interpreted

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4
Q

Language development at 6 months

A

babbling resembles surrounding language

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5
Q

Language development at 1 year

A

1st word

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6
Q

Children acquire receptive language before

A

expressive language (understand what you say before they can speak)

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7
Q

Language development at 18-24 months

A

Vocabulary spurt- fast mapping: children can learn word after 1 exposure

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8
Q

Over extension

A

applying a word broadly to a concept

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9
Q

Language has a ____ structure

A

hierarchical

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10
Q

Example of semantics

A

(“do the dishes” interpreted as do them later when mother means “do dishes now”)

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11
Q

Example of over extension

A

When a child refers to all animals as “doggie”

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12
Q

Syntax

A

a system of rules for arranging words into sentences

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13
Q

Under extension

A

child incorrectly uses word to describe narrower set of objects (thinking the word “dog” only refers to family pet dog)

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14
Q

At what year do children combine words into sentence + ex. of telegraphic speech:

A

At 3 years + “I hungry”

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15
Q

At end of child’s 3rd yr overregularizations occur- when grammatical rules are incorrectly generalized. Give example:

A

“I hitted the ball”
“he goed to school”

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16
Q

What is metalinguistic awareness?

A

Ability to distance from content of speech to reflect and change structure of language (ex: self-reflection on written paper)

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17
Q

What is this an example of? “he goed to school”

A

Overregularization

18
Q

Are bilingual/monolingual children similar in course & rate of language development?

A

Yes

19
Q

Behaviourist theory:
-who theorized it?
-what is it?

A

-Skinner
-children learn language the same way as everything else: imitation

20
Q

Nativist theory:
-who theorized it?
-what is it?

A

-chomsky
- humans have inborn or “native” propensity
Humans have a “language acquisition device”

21
Q

Interactionist theory:
___ & ___ contribute to development of language/ ____ exchanges with parents & others

A

Biology & experience

Social exchanges with parents

22
Q

What is linguistic relativity

A

our language determines our thought

23
Q

What are probelems of inducing structure?

A

Require people to discover relationships among numbers, symbols, ideas

24
Q

Problems of arrangement require:

A

people to arrange the parts of a problem in a certain way

25
Q

The sudden discovery of the correct solution following incorrect attempts

A

Insight!

26
Q

Example of problem of transformation:

A

Moving things from one riverbank to another with set of constraints

27
Q

The tendency to percieve an item only in terms of common use

A

Functional fixedness

28
Q

When people persist in using problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past

A

Mental set

29
Q

What heuristic is this?
Trying possible solutions and discarding those that don’t work

A

Trial and error

30
Q

What is a heuristic?

A

Guiding principle used in solving problems or making decisions (shortcuts)

31
Q

Forming subgoals

A

Intermediate steps to a solution

32
Q

Changing the representation of the problem would be changing it to ___, ____, ____

A

numbers, verbal, flow chart

33
Q

What’s an incubation effect?

A

It occurs when new solutions surface for a previously unsolved problem

34
Q

What’s the additive strategy

A

Listing attributes and variables influencing decision

35
Q

What is this an example of? Eliminating alternatives by evaluating them on each attribute

A

Eliminination by aspects

36
Q

Natural shortcuts people use in probabilities are:

A

Heuristics

37
Q

Basing estimated probability of event on ease with relevent instances in mind (based on available info) is:

A

Availability heuristic

38
Q

Basing the estimated probability of event on how similar it’s to typical prototype

A

Representativeness heuristic (stereotype)

39
Q

Example of people ignoring base rates:

A

Not considering what most people can do (inflating driving ability when it’s probably average and deflating unicycle riding when it’s also probably average)

40
Q

Belief that odds of chance event increase if event hasn’t occured recently

A

Gambler’s fallacy

psychology 112 (2 decks)

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