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COM113 > Language and Society > Flashcards

Language and Society Flashcards

1
Q

What are the standard languages of the Caribbean?

A
  1. French
  2. English
  3. Spanish
  4. Dutch
  5. Portuguese
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2
Q

What are the non-standard languages of the Caribbean?

A
  1. French Creoles
  2. Dutch Creoles
  3. English Creoles
  4. Amerindian Languages
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3
Q

What are the official languages of the Caribbean?

A
  1. French
  2. English
  3. Spanish
  4. Dutch
  5. Portuguese
  6. Haitian French Creole
  7. Papamiento
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4
Q

What is a pidgin?

A

A simple form of a language that emerges when speakers who do not share a common language have to communicate.

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5
Q

In what situations are pidgins created/used?

A
  • trade
  • business
  • slavery survival
  • colonisation situations
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6
Q

Other characteristics of a pidgin:

A
  • simplified system of comm
  • produced in multilingual situations
  • has no native speakers
  • involved a European language (superstrate) and a non-European language (substrate)
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7
Q

What is creolization?

A

When a pidgin becomes a full fledged language by developing in the following ways:
* vocabulary expands
* grammar becomes more complex (develops rules of structure)
* native speakers emerge

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8
Q

What are the 3 main types of creoles in the Caribbean?

A
  1. English based
  2. French based
  3. Dutch based
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9
Q

Examples of English based creoles

A
  • St Vincet
  • Jamaican
  • Trinidad
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10
Q

Examples of Dutch based creoles

A

Papamiento

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11
Q

Examples of French based creole

A
  • Haitian
  • St Lucian
  • Dominican
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12
Q

Where is the only non-Caribbean French based creole spoken?

A

Louisiana

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13
Q

Name of Portuguese based creole?

A

Saramaccan spoken in Suriname

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14
Q

Name of Spanish based creole?

A

Palenquero spoken in Columbia

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15
Q

What is creole continuum?

A

A spectrum of language variation that links the more standard end of the English to the Creole end.

Basilect——–Mesolect——–Acrolect

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16
Q

Basilect

A
  • Furthest from the prestigious form
  • Uses the most characteristics of creole
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17
Q

Mesolect

A
  • The midway variety
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18
Q

Acrolect

A
  • The variety that is closest to the prestige language
  • Has the least creole characteristics
    **It is NOT the standard variety
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19
Q

Decreolisation

A

The process by which a creole becomes more like its coexisting standard language

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20
Q

(1) Phonological Features/Sound Units of Creoles

A
  1. ‘Th’ sounds from Standard English are replaced by ‘d’, ‘t’ and ‘f’ sounds

Examples:
father >fader,
thing >ting,

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21
Q

(2) Phonological Features/Sound Units of Creoles

A

No consonant clusters at the end of words; deletion of end sounds
Examples:
best >bes
desk >des
text > tex
singing > singin’
of > o’ (as in cat o’ nine)

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22
Q

(3) Phonological Features/Sound Units of Creoles

A

The initial syllable is unstressed in some words.
Examples:
against > gainst,
because > cause
about > bout

23
Q

(4) Phonological Features/Sound Units of Creoles

A

Palatalization of some consonants that come before the vowel in some mono-syllabic words; The insertion of ‘y’ sound after ‘g’ and ‘k’ sounds

Examples:
cat > cyat,
girl > gyul,
gas > gyas,

24
Q

Lexical Features (Vocabulary) of Creole

A

A number of words used in creole speech are related to cultural influences from these early settlers

25
Q

Examples of Lexical Features in Creole

A
  • Amerindian - eg cassava, iguana, maraca, Hewanalau, mabouya
  • European - standard vocabulary used in those languages
  • African - eg bakra, nyam, yam, makak, duppy, senseh, pickney, bondah
  • East Indian - eg dhal, sari, roti, marajhin, curry, dhoti, brahmin;
  • Chinese - eg chow mein, wonton, soy
26
Q

Semantic Features of Creole

A

Creoles share their vocabulary with the dominant European languages but in many instances:
* Shared words have different parts of speech
* Shared words have different meanings

27
Q

Examples of shared words with different parts of speech

A

Creole
stink (adjective): It smelling stink

Standard Englsih
stink (verb or noun) : The room stinks

28
Q

Examples of shared words but different meanings

A

Ignorant
Creole: ill-tempered
English: lacking knowledge

29
Q

SYNTACTICAL FEATURES/Grammar of Creole

A

Nouns are unmarked for plural forms.
- Plural markers such as ‘s’ , ‘es’ or ‘ies’ or irregular plural forms are not used.
English - Creole
Mangoes are sweet - mango sweet
Two feet - two foot

30
Q

SYNTACTICAL FEATURES/Grammar of Creole

A

Verbs are unmarked for past tense
* No past tense markers such as ‘ed’ or irregular forms are used
* Instead the simple present tense form is used

Example:
i. I went there last night - Me go there last night

31
Q

SYNTACTICAL FEATURES/Grammar of Creole

A

Preverbal markers such as ‘did’ and ‘had’ are used as past tense markers
* Example:
i. I called her - I did call she
ii. I told her - I had tell her;

32
Q

SYNTACTICAL FEATURES/Grammar of Creole

A

Continuous marker such as ‘a’ or ‘does’ are used to show continuing or habitual action
* Example:
* You have been begging me for a while now - Long time you a beg me
* I study really hard - I does study real hard

33
Q

SYNTACTICAL FEATURES/Grammar of Creole

A

Absent copula (auxiliary verb).
* The auxiliary or linking verb, also known as a copula verb is usually absent in creole sentences.

Examples:
i. I am going - I goin;
ii. She is not there - She not dere

34
Q

SYNTACTICAL FEATURES/Grammar of Creole

A

Double Negatives.
* Two negatives do not make a positive in creole.

Examples:

a. I am not going anywhere - I not going nowher,

b. She doesn’t know anything - She doh know notin/nofin,

35
Q

Possessive Nouns Unmarked

A

. The apostrophe which is a possession marker is absent in creoles.
Examples:

i. The girl’s book - Da girl book,

ii. That is Omar’s cat - Omar cat dat dere

36
Q

Objective Pronouns Replace Subjective Pronouns and Vice Versa

A

Examples:

i. I am sick - Me sick,

ii. This is for us -Dis is for we,

37
Q

Interrogative Word Order

A

Questions in creoles usually do not make use of interrogative words such as Are/Is, Do/Does.
Instead, intonation is used to indicate that it is question.
Examples:

i. Are you going to church? - You goin to church?;

ii. Do you like cake? - You like cake?

38
Q

Front Focusing

A

When the elements that are being highlighted is focused or transposed to the beginning of the sentence for emphasis.
Examples:

i. I am tired - Tired I tired,
ii. She is crying - Cry she crying,
iii. I have fallen - Fall I fall
iv. It is mine – Mine that there

39
Q

Reduplication

A

When words are repeated several times to show degree of intensity.
Examples:

i. She is very sick - She sick, sick sick
ii. I ran for a long time - I run, run, run, run, run
iii. The man is extremely ugly - The fella ugly ugly ugly

40
Q

Redundancy

A

Also known as double marking in creoles, where concepts are repeated for emphasis and comprehension.
Examples:
i. Reverse into the garage - Reverse back into the garage

ii. The reason for saying this – The reason why I said that

41
Q

Calques

A

A word to word translation from one language to the next.
Examples:

Nostrils – nose hole
Sole – foot bottom
give someone a look of anger, disapproval or envy- watch somebody cut-eye

42
Q

What is Language Choice?

A

When a bilingual or multilingual speaker is interacting with others within the same language situation, he or she may choose a code or language that he deems as appropriate for the participants and within that context.

43
Q

Factors that influence language choice

A
  • Purpose or function
  • Content of message
  • Participants or audience - age, gender, education level
  • Context or Situation
  • Society
  • Cultural norms
  • Social Status
  • Gender
  • Occupation
44
Q

What is a language register?

A
  • REGISTER refers to the code or language that a speaker or writer chooses to use in a particular situation, setting, or context.
  • Language Registers range on a scale from most formal to least formal.
45
Q

What are the 6 levels of language registers?

A
  1. Frozen
  2. Formal
  3. Consultative
  4. Casual
  5. Intimate
  6. Private
46
Q

Frozen

A

Where the use of language is fixed and relatively static
* Features: Predominantly standard structures, foreign phrases (Latin)
* Examples: national pledge, anthem, school creeds, the Lord’s Prayer, Miranda rights, protocol lists

47
Q

Formal

A

This describes language used in official and ceremonial settings
* Features: Standard features (erudite and school maam structures), language used is often of a standard variety
* Examples: Would everyone please proceed upstairs?, Please refrain from discourteous behaviour, As per our previous discussion

48
Q

Consultative

A

Language used for the purpose of seeking assistance/language used in an exchange between two speakers
Features: predominantly standard structures (except in situations where speakers are closely related), non-verbal elements

Examples: police officer interrogating a convict, mother dissuading a child from a bad decision, a graduate attending a job interview

49
Q

Casual / Informal

A

Language used between friends
Features: non-standard structures, non-verbal elements

Examples: Where y’all goin’ tonight? Da man real hot! How is me, uh? Dat fete lit, boy! Garcon, lewwe get outta here!

50
Q

Intimate

A

Language used between persons who share a close relationship or bond
Features: predominantly non-standard, non-verbal elements

Examples: Come nuh! You awright, honey? Come talk to Manman. Hey there, chukulukes! What’s up babe!

51
Q

Private

A

Language used in intra- personal communication such as self-talk, private thoughts, daydreams and fantasies
Features: predominantly non-standard structures, non-verbal elements.

Examples: Mesye, me dat happen to dere? I feelin’ rel sick. Wam to me..AA!

52
Q

What is code-switching?

A

When a speaker makes his choice and moves from one code or language to another to fit the situation

53
Q

What are language attitudes?

A

Opinions, ideas and prejudices that speakers have with respect to any particular language

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