Language and social class: Keywords

Question 1

1.

Ideolect

Answer 1

the language variety of an individual speaker

Question 2

the language variety of an individual speaker

Answer 2

A language style associated with a particular social group

Question 3

Dialect

Answer 3

A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

Question 4

Ethnolect

Answer 4

a dialect spoken by a particular ethnic group

Question 5

Genderlect

Answer 5

gender-based dialect

Question 6

Familect

Answer 6

A dialect spoken within a family (coined by Harriet Powney)

Question 7

code switching

Answer 7

the practice of alternating between two or more languages or varieties of language in conversation.

Question 8

Code Mixing

Answer 8

The inclusion of words and phrases from one language in another

Question 9

Specialist register

Answer 9

A set of lexical items and grammatical constructions particular to an institution or occupational group.

Question 10

Convergence

Answer 10

Confirming to peers/ setting

Question 11

Divergence

Answer 11

Going against the audience

Question 12

Social Network

Answer 12

A series of social relationships that links a person directly to others, and through them indirectly to still more people.

Question 13

stereotype

Answer 13

a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing.

Question 14

Adolonics

Answer 14

‘Teen speak’

Question 15

colloquial/colloquialism

Answer 15

The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, colloquialisms give a work a conversational, familiar tone. Colloquial expressions in writing include local or regional dialects.

Question 16

Arbitrary

Answer 16

based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system

Question 17

Vernacular

Answer 17

the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.

Question 18

Condescending

Answer 18

possessing an attitude of superiority, patronizing

Question 19

Prestige

Answer 19

High standing; respect earned by accomplishments

Question 20

Overt prestige

Answer 20

Status that is publicly acknowledged

Question 21

covert prestige

Answer 21

Using correct grammar/ ‘overcorrect’

Question 22

Non-standard forms

Answer 22

Words or phrases from slang or dialect e.g. I ain’t done that

Question 23

Received Pronunciation (RP)

Answer 23

The dialect of English associated with upper-class Britons living in London and now considered standard in the United Kingdom.

Question 24

Socio-economic status

Answer 24

A person’s position in society as determined by income, wealth, occupation, education, place of residence, and other factors

Question 25

Community of practice

Answer 25

a group of individuals who interact regularly, developing unique ways of doing things togetherness

Question 26

Deficit model

Answer 26

early attempt to explain differences in minority groups that contended that differences are the result of “cultural deprivation”

Question 27

Restricted code

Answer 27

a style of language use associated with informal situations, characterized by linguistic predictability and by its dependence on the external context and on the shared knowledge and experience of the participants for conveying meaning.

Question 28

Elaborate code

Answer 28

A style of language associated with formal situations- more common of upper class

Question 29

Exophoric reference

Answer 29

making reference to things beyond the language of a text itself (as opposed to endophoric, which is within the language of the text), perhaps within a speaker’s immediate physical context e.g. “Look at that”.

Question 30

Macro level

Answer 30

a wide-scale view of the role of social structures within a society

Question 31

Micro level

Answer 31

focus on the individual and his or her interactions in specific settings

Question 32

social stratification

Answer 32

the differentiation of society into classes based on wealth, power, production, and prestige

Question 33

Hypercorrection

Answer 33

an attempt to be overly “correct” resulting in the production of language different from the standard (“between Harlan and I” instead of “between Harlan and me”) (Labov)

Question 34

Resistance identity

Answer 34

Language use that deliberately intensifies the standard forms of mainstream culture.