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English Language (year 1)- Mrs Sayer > Language and Power/ Situation > Flashcards

Language and Power/ Situation Flashcards

Component 1 Section B

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

What is Instrumental Power?

A

Power that you hold, may hold position in society- you can use to maintain dominance
Enforceable- supported by ‘instruments of law’
Types: practical power, positional power

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2
Q

What is Practical Power?

A

Power through physical action, violence, skill, money, goods or services
e.g. year 10 bullies year 7 and threatens him

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3
Q

What is Positional Power?

A

Power gained from position in hierarchy; could be backed by law
e.g. your boss asks if you can do overtime, but mentions he will be firing some members of staff

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4
Q

What is Influential Power?

A

Use of own power to influence, assist or inspire others
Can be explicit (easily identifiable) or explicit (subtle- this is the most dangerous and deceiving)
Types: pedagogical power, personal power

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5
Q

What is Pedagogical Power?

A

Use of knowledge and ideas to influence others
e.g. teachers in comparison to students- they teach and influence

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6
Q

What is Personal Power?

A

Use of power to influence through personality, nurturing or caring
e.g. teacher settles you before entering an exam hall

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7
Q

What is Unequal encounter?

A

One person has more/ less power than another in a conversation
e.g. in a classroom

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8
Q

What is Synthetic Personalisation?

A

Addressing fake, made up language and statements to a large audience to make them feel as though they, as individuals, hold lots of power
Collective pronouns (we, us) are used- e.g. Hitler’s speeches

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9
Q

What is Power in discourse?

A

In power situations, language will be solely focused on and how it is being used in order to portray an idea in a certain way (how and what is said)

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10
Q

What is Power behind discourse?

A

Can be backed by theories and reasons in order to portray an idea
Bigger/ wider picture of power in discourse
Deeper meaning to language used
WHY it is said

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11
Q

What is Macro, Meso, Micro?

A

Macro: the wider context and situation of the text
Meso: the audience and purpose of a text
Micro: the text itself, literal, plain text

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12
Q

What are the strands of meaning?

A

Linguistic- literal, simple meaning on a text
Interpersonal- more complex, allows more imagination
Textual- interpretive, triggered by linguistic choices (ideology)

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13
Q

What is ideology?

A

ideation created by textual features

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14
Q

What is Jargon?

A

Special words and phrases used by particular groups of people- used heavily in the workplace

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15
Q

Advantages/ disadvantages of using Jargon?

A

advantage: easy to communicate within discourse communities
disadvantage: needlessly complicated

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16
Q

What is the Plain English Campaign?

A

Organisation which campaigns against jargon, ‘rubbish talk’ is unnecessarily complicated
Crystal clear mark appears on documents to show it provides the clearest possible info

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17
Q

What is the Occupational Register?

A

Refers to language used by professionals in different work settings- helps establish sense of expertise and study

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18
Q

Who are Drew and Heritage and what is their theory?

A

Suggests institutional talk has specific characteristics: pre-allocation of roles, specialised lexicon, constraints (structure, turn-taking, contributions from others)

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19
Q

What is institutional talk (Drew & Heritage)?

A

Communication occurring in workplaces, schools, courts etc (any place of institution)

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20
Q

Who is John Swales and what is his theory?

A

A discourse community has 6 characteristics: broadly agreed set of public goals, specialist lexis/ texts, utilises lots of genres to further it’s aims, levels of memberships

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21
Q

What is a discourse community? (John Swales)

A

A group of people that often take part in their own discourse- they have values and forms of communication in common, provides info and feedback, mechanisms of internal communication among members

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22
Q

Who is Almut Koester and what is his theory?

A

Phatic talk- use of banter within occupational groups is key to creating positive and productive environment- it gives a more personal atmosphere/ more effective working environment

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23
Q

What is phatic talk?

A

communication that functions to create/ maintain relationships (weather, small talk, discussing traffic)

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24
Q

Grice’s maxims

What is the maxim of quantity?

A

Be as informative as one can, not too much or too little info

can be flouted if a person says more/ less than necessary

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25
Q

Grice’s maxims

What is the maxim of quality?

A

Be as truthful as one can, do not say false or unsuppported statements

flouted if a person consistently lies in a conversation

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26
Q

Grice’s maxims

What is the maxim of relevance?

A

Try to obtain a topic and stick to it in a conversation

can be flouted if a person speaks about irrelevant topics in a sentence

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27
Q

Grice’s maxims

What is the maxim of manner?

A

Try to be as clear, brief and orderly as possible- avoid ambiguity and obscurity

could correlate with maxim of quantity

can be flouted if someone ‘waffles’ and talks nonsense

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28
Q

Who are Brown and Levinson and what is their theory?

A

Positive and negative face- maintaining a positive image avoids disagreements, criticisms and insults and abides to compliments and congratulating
apologising can damage our own face

co-operation between co-workers is key

Maintains public image and avoids humiliation

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29
Q

What is positive face?

A

A person’s desire to be liked, admired and respected

30
Q

What is negative face?

A

A person’s desire to protect their individual rights- makes someone feel as though they haven’t been impeded on/ taken advantage of

31
Q

What is the sapir-whorf hypothesis?

A

linguistic relativity and determinism- structure/ vocab of a person’s language determines their view on the world (everyone percieves the world in different ways, given variations of speech)

32
Q

What is linguistic relativism?

A

The language a person uses influences their views/ the way they percieve the world

33
Q

What is linguistic determinism?

A

The language we speak is the definite reason we think/ percieve the world in the way we do

34
Q

What is semantic reclamation?

associated with taboo and derogatory terms

A

Individuals/ groups use or take ownership of derogatory words that have been used against them- usually political and controversial due to past and present use towards minority groups

targetted groups- women, LGBTQ+, ethnic minorities etc

e.g. bitch= b * tch- used against women in comparison to a female dog

35
Q

Who are Sinclair and Coulthard and what is their theory of the IRF model?

A

An eliciting exchange- initiation: teacher, response: student, feedback: teacher= full IRF use

used as framework for teachers and lesson planning

36
Q

What other 2 exchanges did Sinclair and Coulthard come up with?

A

Informing exchange- teacher wishes to respond, students respond if they wish= I(R)
Directing exhange- teacher wants students to do something, response is non-verbal and responds to an action, teacher feeds back if they wish= IR(F)

37
Q

Ethos, Logos, Pathos, Kairos

What is ethos?

A

Appeal to speaker’s creditability- used to convince audience they are a credible source, valued

e.g. using a celebrity within a persuasive text

38
Q

Ethos, Logos, Pathos, Kairos

What is logos?

A

Appeal to logic/ reason- used to convince audience they’re making a logical, worthwhile point

e.g. Hitler’s speech to the German community had strong logos

39
Q

Ethos, Logos, Pathos, Kairos

What is Pathos?

A

Appeal to audience’s emotions- used to tug at audiences heartstrings

e.g. figurative, long anecdotes

40
Q

Ethos, Logos, Pathos, Kairos

What is kairos?

A

Choose right words, place and time to make an argument- words and phrases need to appeal to engage

a distracted audience= ineffective for making an argument/ point

41
Q

Pragmatics

What is the co-operative prinicple?

Who coined the theory?

A

Speakers inherently want to cooperate when communicating (it makes understanding the conversation easier)

Paul Grice

42
Q

Pragmatics

What theory is the cooperative principle supported by?

Note that Paul Grice coined it

A

Grice’s four maxims (quality, quantity, relevance, manner)

43
Q

Pragmatics

What is meant by the term “conversational implicature?”

Who also coined this?

Which theory is it directly linked to?

A

Looks at indirect speech acts
* We want to know what speaker means even though they haven’t explicitly said it
* Relies on basis that speaker and listener are cooperating- when a speaker implied, they can be confident a listener understands

Paul Grice

This theory is directly linked to the cooperative principle theory

44
Q

Pragmatics

What is the physical context?

A

Where conversation takes place; what objects are present, actions occurring etc

45
Q

Pragmatics

What is the epistemic context?

A

Refers to what speakers already know about the world

e.g. shared background knowledge

46
Q

Pragmatics

What is linguistic context?

A

Refers to what has already been said within the utterance

e.g. Jane is referred to as “her” if she’s already been referred to once

47
Q

Pragmatics

What is the social context?

A

Refers to the social relationship among the speakers and hearers

Conversations with friends may differ socially compared to strangers who just met

48
Q

Register

What is frozen register?

A
  • Static register, used for very old pieces of discourse
  • “Frozen” because the language hasn’t changed for a long time and it will continue to remain even though it is no longer used today

e.g. the Bible, wedding vows

49
Q

Register

What is a formal register?

A
  • Associated with formal versions of English, and formal situations
  • Used to address people in positions of authority and individuals that hold a level of respect

Used in letters of complaint, speeches, essays etc

Often used with teachers, police officers, those who work in the services

50
Q

Register

What is a consultive register?

A
  • Involves a tone of respect as advice is being sought
  • Used when there is an expert-novice relationship between the two
  • Quite formal
  • Also can be informal- includes slang (context dependent)
51
Q

Register

What is a casual register?

A
  • Refers to informal speech used between people who know each other well
  • Includes slang, contractions, swear words (taboo), local dialect speech features
  • Used in every day language
52
Q

Register

What is an intimate register?

A
  • Used when talking to close friends, family members, partners
  • Used in private frequently, as well as when discussing jokes, flirting, discussing personal issues
53
Q

Register

Which theorist came up with the idea of field, mode and tenor?

A

Michael Halliday

54
Q

Register

What is meant by the field?

A

Content or subject matter
* Our language will change and vary depending on the context

E.g. school context- language will be based around curriculum area, topic being studied

55
Q

Register

What is meant by the tenor?

A

The relationships we have with others who are part of the conversation
* Can be affected by status, level of expertise, age, ethic background, gender
* Language choices vary based on how they feel about each other, how frequently they meet etc

56
Q

Register

What is meant by the mode?

TALK ABOUT REGISTER WHEN TALKING ABOUT MODE- THEY LINK AND RELATE

A

The channel of communication being used- primarily focus on differences between spoken and written modes and the different roles they play in the learning process

57
Q

What are Halliday’s 7 functions of language and what does each one mean?

A
  • Instrumental- express speaker needs
  • Regulatory- tell others what to do
  • Interactional- form social relationships
  • Personal- express feelings and opinions
  • Heuristic- ask questions
  • Imaginative- express creative language
  • Representational- communicate information
58
Q

What are Halliday’s meta-functions of language?

A
  • Interpersonal
  • Textual
  • Ideational
59
Q

What tradititional idea does Halliday’s theory of functions of language oppose?

A

Language is a set of rules
* It supports the idea that language is a resource for conveying meaning

60
Q

What is meant by the interpersonal meta-function of language?

A

Focuses on interaction between speaker and addressee and the speech and social roles needed in building/ maintaining social relationships

61
Q

What is meant by the ideational meta-function of language?

A

Concerned with grammatical resources we used to express experience of the world

62
Q

What is meant by the textual metafunction of language?

A

Creating text that effectively presents interpersonal and ideational meanings to be shared

63
Q

What is meant by the accomodation theory?

Who coined this theory?

A

Aims to understand how and why we change our speech based on who we are talking to

Howard Giles

64
Q

Accomodation Theory

Why do people generally accomodate and adjust speech/ style of communication?

A

Due to influece of social factors (gender, culture, ethinicity, native language, social/ occupational status, age)

65
Q

Accomodation Theory

What two levels did Giles suggest communication happens on?

A
  • Interpersonal
  • Intergroup
66
Q

Accomodation Theory

What is interpersonal communication?

A

Communication that is driven by our personalities- we communicate for ourselves and our interests

67
Q

Accomdation Theory

What is intergroup communication?

A

Communication that is driven by our identities as members of a wider social group

68
Q

Accomodation Theory

What is convergence?

A

An individual changes their communicative style to sound and appear more like their interlocuter
* Usually happens when the individual respects the person they’re talking to (wishes to seek approval)

69
Q

Accomodation Theory

What is divergence?

A

Changing style of communication to emphasise and accentuate a difference/ distinctiveness from interlocuter

70
Q

Accomodation Theory

What are common causes for divergence?

A
  • Emphasise distinctiveness
  • Shape others’ feelings
  • Show belonging
  • Influence others’ speech

English Language (year 1)- Mrs Sayer (4 decks)

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