Language and Occupation theorists Flashcards
What was John Swales theory ??
discourse communities. A discourse community has members who: share a set of common goals, communicate internally using and ‘owning’ one or more genres, use specialist lexis and discourse, and possess a level of knowledge/skill to suitable participate in the community
What two theories did Drew and Heritage have ?
Institutional talk and inferential frameworks and power relations
what did they say about institutional talk
believe institutional talk differs from ordinary conversation in various ways: goal orientation, turn-taking rules or restricios, allowable contributions, professional lexis, structure, asymmetry
what did they say about inferential frameworks and power relations ??
They suggest that members of a discourse community share inferential frameworks with each other. This involves implicit ways of thinking, behaving and communicating. They also suggest that there are strong hierarchies of power within organisations, with many asymmetrical power relations marked by language use
Almut Koester theory
Phatic Talk. Looked at how employees can support each other in their tasks and shows how important Phatic talk is in getting jobs done. Workers need to establish interpersonal relationships and have interactions that are not just about work-related procedures. Although, some employers are represented as discouraging talk that is not strictly work-related, she shows that being personal and engaging in personal chat is an important aspect of effective working. Solidarity, the ability to connect with one’s workmates, is an important aspect of workplace communication
Coulthard and Sinclair theory
(1975) - found that teachers use the IRF (initiation - response - feedback) model. IRF, is a pattern of discussion between the teacher and learner. The teacher initiates, the learner responds, then the teacher gives feedback
what was Norman Faircloughs theory ?
2001) - looked at the textual and contextual aspects of power: 1. Power in discourse = the ways in which power is conveyed through language. 2. Power behind discourse = the focus on social and ideological power. He also coined the phrase synthetic personalisation. This refers to the way in which advertising and other forms of communication use personalised language such as the second person pronoun ‘you’ to construct an artificial relationship between the text producer and receiver
Brown and Levinson theory ?
Politiness strategies; positive and negative face and face threatening acts.
face threatening= a communicative act that threatens face
positve face= the need to feel liked and wanted
negative face= the need to have freedom of thought and action and not feel imposed on.
Kim and Elder test
(2009) - Korean Pilots. They looked at the communication difficulties experienced by Korean pilots and air-traffic staff when communicating with their American colleagues. They found that difficulties were NOT caused by poor language skills by the Koreans. Instead, the miscommunication was often due to native speakers not using the agreed phrases - instead they either abbreviated unhelpful lay, or elaborated unnecessarily and sometimes used idiomatic expressions
