Language and Occupation - convos Flashcards
Grice- What did he research ?
Explored how conversation functions effectively even when speakers don’t explicitly say what they mean
What did Grice discover?
Conversation adheres logical maxims (rules) which he called Gricean maxims that facilitate cooperation between speakers to ensure smooth communication
Name the 4 Gricean Maxims
- Quality
- Quantity
-Manner
-Relevance
What does the Gricean Maxim ‘Quality’ mean?
Do not say what is false/ what you lack evidence for
What does the Gricean Maxim ‘ Quanitity’ mean?
Make sure you are as informative as possible, but not overly
What does the Gricean Maxim ‘Manner’ mean?
Be clear, avoid ambiguity and be orderly
What does the Gricean Maxim ‘Relevance’ mean?
Be relevant to the conversation
What are the 4 effects of not following the maxims?
- violating a maxim
- opting out
- Clashing occurs w
- Flouting
What does violating a Gricean Maxim involve in a conversation when you dont follow a maxim?
Being intentionally misleading
What does opting out involve in a conversation when you don’t follow a Gricean Maxim?
refusing to cooperate
What does clashing mean in a conversation when you don’t follow a Gricean Maxim?
Clashing occurs when adhering to one maxim means violating eachother
What does flouting mean in a conversation when you don’t follow a Gricean Maxim?
deliberately appearing to break one of Grice’s conversational maxims in order to imply a hidden meaning or message- known as ‘implicature’
Robin Lakoff politeness principle : 3 strategies speakers follow
- Don’t impose – avoid intruding on other lives.
2.Give options –avoid making the listener feel obliged to do something.
3.Make your receiver feel good – Make others feel appreciated.
Robert Leech politeness principle
- a development on Lakoff’s politeness principle
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Robert Leech’s 6 Maxims of the politeness principle
- Tact
- Generosity
- Approbation
- Modesty
- Agreement
- Sympathy
Robert Leech’s 6 Maxims of the politeness principle - Tact
-Minimise cost to listener maximise cost to speaker
-This means Being mindful of the listener’s feelings and trying to reduce any inconvenience to them, even if it means putting in extra effort yourself.
Robert Leech’s 6 Maxims of the politeness principle - Generosity
-minimise benefit to speaker, maximise benefit to listener
- This means being generous in your words and actions means putting the listener’s needs and benefits first.
Robert Leech’s 6 Maxims of the politeness principle-Approbation
– Minimise dispraise to listener
-This means focusing on minimizing any criticism or negative remarks about the listener. Instead, you emphasize positive feedback and praise.
Robert Leech’s 6 Maxims of the politeness principle - Modesty
Minimise praise of the speaker
This means downplaying / minimizing praise /compliments directed at yourself (the speaker). It involves being humble and not boasting about your achievements or qualities.
Robert Leech’s 6 Maxims of the politeness principle - Agreement
-Minimise disagreement
This means fostering a cooperative and positive atmosphere by focusing on what you and the other person can agree on, even when you have differing opinions.
Robert Leech’s 6 Maxims of the politeness principle - Sympathy
- minimise antipathy and maximise sympathy
- This means minimizing any feelings of hostility or antagonism (antipathy) and maximizing understanding, compassion, and support (sympathy) towards the other person.
Goffman’s Face Theory (1955) - What is meant by the concept ‘face’
Face is the positive social value a person claims for themselves through their interactions with others.
Goffman’s Face Theory (1955) -Politeness and Conversation
Goffman observed that politeness is essential for effective conversation because it helps in “saving face” — avoiding embarrassment or loss of social standing.
Goffman’s Face Theory (1955) -Presentation of Self
Individuals present different faces or images of themselves in various contexts, such as being a good friend or a knowledgeable student.
Goffman’s Face Theory (1955) - Cooperation in Conversation
Conversation is typically cooperative, where individuals accept the face presented by others to maintain harmony
Goffman’s Face Theory (1955) -Face-Threatening Acts:
These are actions or statements that challenge or reject someone’s presented face, potentially leading to conflict or discomfort.
Goffman’s Face Theory (1955) -Tact and Face-Saving
Tact involves being considerate and avoiding face-threatening acts to preserve the other person’s dignity and social standing.
Goffman’s Face Theory (1955)- Face Work
The purpose of face work is to maintain social status or power dynamics within conversations or society. People often engage in face work to uphold their own and others’ face.
Goffman’s Face Theory (1955)-Status and Face Needs
Individuals with lower status are often more attentive to the face needs of those with higher status, reflecting power dynamics in social interactions
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