Language and Occupation - convos

Question 1

Grice- What did he research ?

Answer 1

Explored how conversation functions effectively even when speakers don’t explicitly say what they mean

Question 2

What did Grice discover?

Answer 2

Conversation adheres logical maxims (rules) which he called Gricean maxims that facilitate cooperation between speakers to ensure smooth communication

Question 3

Name the 4 Gricean Maxims

Answer 3

• Quality
• Quantity
  -Manner
  -Relevance

Question 4

What does the Gricean Maxim ‘Quality’ mean?

Answer 4

Do not say what is false/ what you lack evidence for

Question 5

What does the Gricean Maxim ‘ Quanitity’ mean?

Answer 5

Make sure you are as informative as possible, but not overly

Question 6

What does the Gricean Maxim ‘Manner’ mean?

Answer 6

Be clear, avoid ambiguity and be orderly

Question 7

What does the Gricean Maxim ‘Relevance’ mean?

Answer 7

Be relevant to the conversation

Question 8

What are the 4 effects of not following the maxims?

Answer 8

• violating a maxim
• opting out
• Clashing occurs w
• Flouting

Question 9

What does violating a Gricean Maxim involve in a conversation when you dont follow a maxim?

Answer 9

Being intentionally misleading

Question 10

What does opting out involve in a conversation when you don’t follow a Gricean Maxim?

Answer 10

refusing to cooperate

Question 11

What does clashing mean in a conversation when you don’t follow a Gricean Maxim?

Answer 11

Clashing occurs when adhering to one maxim means violating eachother

Question 12

What does flouting mean in a conversation when you don’t follow a Gricean Maxim?

Answer 12

deliberately appearing to break one of Grice’s conversational maxims in order to imply a hidden meaning or message- known as ‘implicature’

Question 13

Robin Lakoff politeness principle : 3 strategies speakers follow

Answer 13

1. Don’t impose – avoid intruding on other lives.
   2.Give options –avoid making the listener feel obliged to do something.
   3.Make your receiver feel good – Make others feel appreciated.

Question 14

Robert Leech politeness principle

Answer 14

• a development on Lakoff’s politeness principle

Question 15

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Robert Leech’s 6 Maxims of the politeness principle

Answer 15

1. Tact
2. Generosity
3. Approbation
4. Modesty
5. Agreement
6. Sympathy

Question 16

Robert Leech’s 6 Maxims of the politeness principle - Tact

Answer 16

-Minimise cost to listener maximise cost to speaker
-This means Being mindful of the listener’s feelings and trying to reduce any inconvenience to them, even if it means putting in extra effort yourself.

Question 17

Robert Leech’s 6 Maxims of the politeness principle - Generosity

Answer 17

-minimise benefit to speaker, maximise benefit to listener
- This means being generous in your words and actions means putting the listener’s needs and benefits first.

Question 18

Robert Leech’s 6 Maxims of the politeness principle-Approbation

Answer 18

– Minimise dispraise to listener
-This means focusing on minimizing any criticism or negative remarks about the listener. Instead, you emphasize positive feedback and praise.

Question 19

Robert Leech’s 6 Maxims of the politeness principle - Modesty

Answer 19

Minimise praise of the speaker
This means downplaying / minimizing praise /compliments directed at yourself (the speaker). It involves being humble and not boasting about your achievements or qualities.

Question 20

Robert Leech’s 6 Maxims of the politeness principle - Agreement

Answer 20

-Minimise disagreement
This means fostering a cooperative and positive atmosphere by focusing on what you and the other person can agree on, even when you have differing opinions.

Question 21

Robert Leech’s 6 Maxims of the politeness principle - Sympathy

Answer 21

• minimise antipathy and maximise sympathy
• This means minimizing any feelings of hostility or antagonism (antipathy) and maximizing understanding, compassion, and support (sympathy) towards the other person.

Question 22

Goffman’s Face Theory (1955) - What is meant by the concept ‘face’

Answer 22

Face is the positive social value a person claims for themselves through their interactions with others.

Question 23

Goffman’s Face Theory (1955) -Politeness and Conversation

Answer 23

Goffman observed that politeness is essential for effective conversation because it helps in “saving face” — avoiding embarrassment or loss of social standing.

Question 24

Goffman’s Face Theory (1955) -Presentation of Self

Answer 24

Individuals present different faces or images of themselves in various contexts, such as being a good friend or a knowledgeable student.

Question 25

Goffman’s Face Theory (1955) - Cooperation in Conversation

Answer 25

Conversation is typically cooperative, where individuals accept the face presented by others to maintain harmony

Question 26

Goffman’s Face Theory (1955) -Face-Threatening Acts:

Answer 26

These are actions or statements that challenge or reject someone’s presented face, potentially leading to conflict or discomfort.

Question 27

Goffman’s Face Theory (1955) -Tact and Face-Saving

Answer 27

Tact involves being considerate and avoiding face-threatening acts to preserve the other person’s dignity and social standing.

Question 28

Goffman’s Face Theory (1955)- Face Work

Answer 28

The purpose of face work is to maintain social status or power dynamics within conversations or society. People often engage in face work to uphold their own and others’ face.

Question 29

Goffman’s Face Theory (1955)-Status and Face Needs

Answer 29

Individuals with lower status are often more attentive to the face needs of those with higher status, reflecting power dynamics in social interactions

Question 30

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