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language paper 2 > language and gender > Flashcards

language and gender Flashcards

1
Q

what did Otto Jespersen propose?

A

The Deficit View

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2
Q

What was the Deficit View?

A

Jespersen believed that women’s language was ‘deficient’

eg. women are hyperbolic, women link sentences with ‘and’ because they are emotional rather the grammatical, women are more fluent due to their smaller vocabulary sizes

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3
Q

what did Robin Lakoff propose?

A

The Deference model

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4
Q

What was the Deference model?

A
  • Lakoff identified 10 features of ‘Women’s language’
  • she believed women were socially conditioned to speak in a deferential way, which grants men higher status
  • eg. hypercorrectness, superpoliteness, tag questions
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5
Q

criticism of Lakoff

A
  • lakoff was one of the first serious social linguists to look at gender
  • however she did not do any impirical research
  • and her observation was based solely off her availability sample (highly-educated, middle class women)
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6
Q

what did Zimmerman and West propose?

A

The Dominance Model

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7
Q

what was the Dominance Model in response to?

A
  • a response to Lakoff’s ideas
  • whereas Lakoff said that women’s behavior is weak and men merely respond appropriately to it
  • The Dominance Model claims that men deliberately behave in an uncooperative way when talking to women in order to undermine and dominate them
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8
Q

what two kinds of turn-taking violations did Z+W identify in their Dominance model?

A

1) Overlaps
a slight over anticipation of the end of the interlocutors turn
2) Interruptions
the next interlocutor decides to speak at a point which is clearly not the transition relevance point
interruptions prevent a speaker from completing their turn

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9
Q

what did Z+W find when counting irregularities between same-sex pairs?

A
  • men overlap women, women don’t overlap men
  • men interrupt women 23x more than women interrupt men
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10
Q

Beattie’s criticism of Zimmerman and West

A
  • criticized their very small data sample
  • also identified that most of the interruptions were from one particular individual which skewed the data sample
    -also challenged their interpretations of interruptions, saying they could be interpreted as excitement or enthusiasm
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11
Q

G. Eaken’s and B. Eaken’s criticism of Z+W

A
  • studied interruptions in university faculty meetings
  • there was a hierarchal preference as people with higher status were not interrupted
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12
Q

dominance through minimal responses

A
  • identified a ‘delayed minimal response’
  • pausing before you say ‘mhm’ reverses the effect
  • exclusively used by men when talking to women
  • actively chosen to show boredom and lack of engagement
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13
Q

Pamela Fishman

A
  • taped three young couples over several days and counted the number of tag questions used by the speaker
  • Fishman noticed that women she studied used tag question ‘y’know’ 5x more than men
  • she claimed that this tag question is an attempt to stimulate a response from the male interlocutor
  • she concluded that men actively withhold support from women, making women do the ‘conversational shitwork’
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14
Q

Janet Holmes

A
  • tags can be used for two different purposes
    1) speaker-oriented tags
    used for the benefit of the speaker
    eg. its 12o’clock isn’t it?
    2) addressee-oriented tags
    used fir the benefit of the listener either for support
    eg. That’s a nice picture, isn’t it?
    or as a hedge
    eg. That was a bit silly, wasn’t it?
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15
Q

what did Holmes’s study reveal?

A
  • men and women used about the same number of tags
  • men used far more speaker-oriented tags
  • women used far more addressee-oriented tags
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16
Q

what did DeFrancisco observe?

A

observed that women:
- introduce more topics than women
- talk more than men
- worked harder at keeping the conversations going

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17
Q

Helenea Leet Pellegrini

A

1) male experts
2) female experts 2) male non experts
3)female non experts

18
Q

what did Deborah Tannen observation?

A
  • men and women’s language is different because of social conditioning
  • these differences are not a result of women’s deference of men’s attempt to dominate them
  • ‘boys and girls grow up in different cultures’, ‘ talk between men and women is cross-cultural communication’
  • boys socialize through shared competitive activity whereas women socialize through collaboration/ co operation
19
Q

the different purposes of Men/Women’s conversation

A

womens conversation is predominantly rapport talk to establish and maintain relationships

mens conversation is report talk used to give information

20
Q

Tannen’s binary opposites

A

M W
status v support
independence v intimacy
advice v understanding
information v feelings
orders v proposals

21
Q

Tannen and turn violations

A

Tannen identified two kinds of turn violations
1) uncooperative overlaps
what Zimmerman + West would call an interruption
2) co operative overlaps

22
Q

what did Tannen say cooperative overlaps are a sign of?

A

high involvement speakers

23
Q

what is the Andocentric principle and who is it by?

A

Anne Bodine
the idea that make stuff is always superior to girl stuff and language clearly centers around men

24
Q

what are the four categories that Deborah Jones claims womens talk falls into?

A
  • house talk
  • scandal
  • bitching
  • chatting
25
Q

where was Pilkington’s study done?

A

in a bakery

26
Q

what did Pilkington research in the bakery?

A

single-sex conversations

27
Q

what did Pilkington find?

A

women’s conversation is based around affirming relationships, which includes agreeing, collaborating, and focusing on feelings and personal anecdotes

whereas men’s conversation is often competitive through the use of verbal abuse and mock insults

28
Q

What was Carmen Foughts theory?

A

Power Tools

29
Q

what is the Power Tools theory?

A

that features of women’s language such as uptalk and vocal fry is interpreted as insecure or stupid, however it’s often a sign of building relationships

30
Q

where did Koenraad Kuiper’s study take place?

A

rugby club

31
Q

what did Kuiper find?

A

face threats within the rugby club actually showed solidarity, and to not insult a member meant they were not fond of them

32
Q

Diversity Model

A
  • the diversity model opposes ideas of biological determinism (the idea that you’re defined by your sex)
  • suggests language is influenced by the roles we play in society
33
Q

what does the diversity model say the difference between sex and gender is?

A
  • sex is our assigned biological characteristics
  • gender is socially constructed
34
Q

what does Janet Hyde claim?

A

there are far more similarities in female speech than male differences

35
Q

where was O’barr and Atkins study held?

A

a courtroom

36
Q

what did O’barr and Atkins find?

A
  • low status speakers used many features of women’s language
  • features of women’s language are ‘neither characteristics of women nor limited only to women’
37
Q

what did Deborah Cameron believe instead of gendered language?

A

performative language
- she used the term ‘verbal hygiene’ to refer to the way that people express an outward view of themselves through language use

38
Q

who also supports the theory of performative language?

A

Judith Butler

39
Q

what does Butler believe about performative language?

A
  • they believe that gender is not linked to biology and instead it is a series of ritual acts intended to imitate societal gender roles
  • believes gender is constructed through language
40
Q

how did Butler prove this theory?

A

through a study of Drag Queen language

41
Q

what does Judith Baxter believe about language in the workplace?

A
  • she believes that women are just as capable as men at being powerful and can also use language to show dominance

language paper 2 (2 decks)

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