Language and Gender Flashcards
Gendered language
A bias towards a particular gender
Generic term
A term that has ‘man’ in it. e.g.
- Man-made
- Two man tent
Marked term
A term that is marked towards a specific gender
- Female doctor
- Female Chef
- Male nurse
Androcentric
That language is bias towards men
Fillers
Words to fill in sentence
- Erm
- Er
Tag question
A interrogative is added to the end of a declarative or imperative.
- Youre john, Arent you?
- You will do this work, wont you.
Intensifiers
Exaggerating things.
- that was sooooooo amazing
Lexical symmetry
Words that have kept there meaning over time.
- ‘King and queen’
Lexical asymmetry
Two words where one has heled their meaning and one has semantically pejorated. Normally benefiting males.
- Master vs Mistress
genderlect
male and woman arent right or wrong, we are just different.
What were Deborah Cameron findings
- woman talk more than men
- Woman say 20k words a day
- ## Men say 7k
What were Janet Holmes findings.
Based of brown and levinson’s idea of positive and negative face or politeness theory.
- Suggests woman’s use more positive politeness
- Men use more negative politeness.
- Male to male and female to female compliments in language are different due to perception concerning purpose of a compliment
What were Pamela Fishman findings.
Dominance
- experiment conducting 52 hours of recorded convos in young American couples.
- Woman use more tag questions
- use tag questions to gain conversational power as men often dont respond to declarative statements or will respond minimally.
What were Tannen’s findings
Difference
- suggests females engage in ‘rapport talk’ ( to make emotional connections and build relationships).
- Men use ‘report talk’ ( focused on on info with little emotion.
What were Lakoff’s findings.
Defecit
- Claims that woman’s language lacked real authority compared to men’s.
- Found that woman apparently lack a sense of humour, swear less and use more emotive language. Also more fillers and tag questions.
What were Zimmerman and west finding’s.
Dominance
- Coffee shop study
- Men more dominant in conversations than woman
- Claimed men are more dominant in mixed sex conversations.
- Found that woman adhered to turn taking rules whereas men didn’t.
What were Penny eckert’s findings
- Defined groups into different communities of practice.
- This is when people who share an understanding that forms language use as a result of meeting people regularly overtime.
What were Beattie’s findings
- Found that woman and men interrupted more or less the same. So men dont interrupt more.
What were Judith Butler’s findings
- found that people change their language depending on where they are and who they are with.
What were Otto Jesperson findings.
Defecit
- Found that woman talk more
- Woman link sentences with ‘and’ because they are emotional rather than grammatical.
- Woman use adjectives such as ‘pretty’ and ‘nice’.
What were Jennifer Coates findings.
Difference
- Men often reject topic of conversation introduced by woman while woman accept topics introduced by men.
- Men discuss male topics e.g. sports, business and politics.
- woman are more likely to initiate conversation than men, but less likely to make the conversation succeed.
Patriarchal society
Male dominated society.
Overlaps and interruptions
Overlapping people when they speak.
Interruptions is butting in when the other person is speaking. Can link to dominance.
Dale spender
Dominance
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