Language and Ethnicity

Question 1

Kachru 3 circles

Answer 1

Inner Circle: Primary language is English (native), they create the norms. UK, America, Canada
Outer Circle: Secondary language is English (learnt), colonial history. India, Singapore, Nigeria
Expanding Circle: English is used a medium of international communication, Business and international relations. China, Russia, Korea

Question 2

Macarthur Circle of English

Answer 2

Multiple variations of English due to globalisation, migration, colonisation. All stem from British English. Represents that all Englishes are different, there is no superior English.
American-English
Japanese-English
Caribbean-English

Question 3

Sharma + Sankaran

Answer 3

Researched Punjabi Indian English in West London. Children of immigrant parents would begin to sound like their locally-born friends rather than their parents, environment has an affect on language, accent and dialect.
Language change between different generations is more gradual and complex than expected.

Question 4

Viv Edwards

Answer 4

Researched Jamaican English. Stereotyping process leads to features of creole to be stigmatised and developed into connotations of ‘low academic ability.’

Question 5

Pidgin and creole

Answer 5

Pidgin= simplified language, developed as a mean of communication between groups that don’t have a common language. Typically used by the colonised and the enslaved.
Creole= Language that originates from pidgin language, becomes nativised. It is its own distinct language with its own rules.