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PSYC 2230 - Midterm 2 > Language and Development > Flashcards

Language and Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is the essence of language?

A

Human interaction

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2
Q

As speakers what do we share? As listeners?

A
  • Our own personal reality with others
  • Their realities
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3
Q

What do psychologists hope to discover by studying how children learn to use language in social communication?

A

Truths about the human mind, society, culture, and how this ability evolved in our species

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4
Q

What process begins as soon as a baby is born?

A

The development of communication and language

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5
Q

When do children go from making their first sounds at birth to speaking their first words around what age?

A

1

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6
Q

By the time children start school, how large is their vocabulary?

A

14,000 words

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7
Q

Until recently, what was assumed about the process of language?

A

It was all nurture - that children learned language by intimidating others, mainly their parents, and that language was a learned skill

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8
Q

How was the study of language revolutionized?

A

In 1957, Noam Chomsky, a linguist, questioned the assumption that the process of language was solely due to nature

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9
Q

What do Chomsky and his followers believe?

A

That human beings come into the world with what they call a language acquisition device, which is an actual neurological structure in the brain

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10
Q

What does the language acquisition device tell us?

A
  • Makes it possible for children to learn any language anywhere
  • Only human beings have it
  • They make it possible for infants and young children acquiring language to know what the deep structure or the meaning is of language, because the principles are innate
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11
Q

What did ideas about the biological capacity for language spark?

A

The creation of an entirely new field called developmental psycholinguistics

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12
Q

What do psychologists believe has a major role to play in the development of language?

A

Social interaction between child and parent

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13
Q

What may be necessary to activate Chomsky’s language acquisition device?

A

Social relationships

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14
Q

What voices and images do babies prefer?

A

Human

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15
Q

Why doesn’t having a special neurological capacity not guarantee the acquisition of language?

A

In order for language to develop, babies have to interact with other human beings because they need to hear language being spoken to them, they can’t just learn it when it’s spoken around them

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16
Q

How do babies typically learn a language?

A

From what’s going on around them

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17
Q

Why do babies learn language abstractly?

A

A baby will hear language embedded in context and understand what the intention of the speakers are partly because the baby already knows what’s happening

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18
Q

What might mothers do to help the baby to acquire language?

A

Might speak a lot more slowly than they would to other people, enunciate very clearly, use short and simple sentences, and use repetition, making it easier for the baby to decode what the language is

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19
Q

What critical processes, other than nature and nurture, are at work in the development of language competence?

A

Biological maturation

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20
Q

What suggests that some form of biological maturation is at work?

A

Research has shown that every child in every culture goes through some of the same sequences, the same stages of speaking its native language (universal process)

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21
Q

What is a developmental timetable?

A

Regulates the maturing of the brain and certain muscles in the mouth and throat needed for communication
- What a child can do with language at any given time is dependent on it

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22
Q

What may be the first stage in acquiring language?

A

Crying because it’s their first act of communication since they typically cry because they’re hungry, tired, cold, in pain, etc. and the sound they produce usually provokes the desired social response

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23
Q

What may be the first stage in acquiring language?

A

Sounds because they provoke the desired social response
- E.g., Crying because it’s their first act of communication since they typically cry because they’re hungry, tired, cold, in pain, etc.
- Coos and gurgles

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24
Q

What is the second stage of language development?

A

Babbling of syllable-like sounds

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25
Q

Why is babbling important?

A

Allows a baby to practice making sounds, group them together, and vary them by adding intonations

26
Q

What is universal adaptability?

A

When an infant can distinguish sounds of any language and reproduce them

27
Q

When is universal adaptability typically lost?

A

By the time a child is one year old because they become specialists in their own native language

28
Q

What are children’s first conversations?

A
  • Wordless
  • Alternate and coordinate sounds and intonations
29
Q

What is motherese or parentese?

A

A special kind of speech were melodic intonations are reserved for soothing, arousing, or wanting the baby

30
Q

What is happening long before infants are speaking a language or understanding a language?

A

They’re communicating very actively with their parents (they’re understanding their parents)

31
Q

How is the melody used by parents a message?

A
  • The musical contour of the voice is carrying the meaning to the infant long before language is doing to work
  • Babies are not yey attending to words or to linguistic units of information, but they’re reading something about the mother’s emotions, her intentions, and her feelings
32
Q

What allows us to look at the melodies or the intonation of pitch contours?

A

An oscilloscope hooked up to a pitch extractor

33
Q

What pattern has been found in every European language?

A

Rise-fall pattern

34
Q

What is the third stage of language development and when does it occur?

A

The one-word stage which comes toward the end of the first year

35
Q

What does the next set of words express?

A

Relationships of various kinds
- Relationships between objects
- Words that are meant to affect events

36
Q

When can symbols be used with any degree of proficiency?

A

When a number of mental abilities have matured sufficiently, sometime in the second year of life

37
Q

To use words as symbols, what must the child’s memory be able to do?

A

Store images or memory codes of events and objects, and be able to retrieve them with the appropriate words that symbolize them

38
Q

What does the child learn to manipulate? Why?

A

Parents, to achieve its goals

39
Q

What is the most effective way to manipulate parents?

A

Language

40
Q

When do normal children begin to use two-word phrases?

A

At the age of a year and a half

41
Q

What are two-word phrases used to express?

A

A number of common functions: Locating and naming things, demanding and desiring things, describing things, describing actions and situations, questioning, modifying, and qualifying

42
Q

What is the last formal stage of this early development?

A

The telegraphic stage

43
Q

What is the telegraphic stage?

A

Forming simple sentences, mostly of nouns and verbs, at the age of two years old

44
Q

What do sentences in the telegraphic stage lack and maintain?

A
  • Plurals, articles, and tenses
  • The typical word order of actor first, action second, and object last
45
Q

What is lifted after the age of two as a child’s mental abilities develop?

A

Early restrictions as to how much information he or she can get into one coherent statement

46
Q

By what age do children use language in much the same way as an adult does?

A

By the age of 4 or 5

47
Q

What is the biggest task during the early years?

A

To discover the underlying regularities in the way adults use language - the rules of grammar and syntax

48
Q

What did Slobin study?

A

How all children acquire a system of grammatical rules on their own, without imitating the people around them

49
Q

At two years old, regardless of what kind of language it is or what kind of social setting the child is learning under, what does the child begin to do?

A

Apply the grammatical structures of the languages that they hear

50
Q

What words seem to be quite universal in languages?

A

The division between action and object words

51
Q

What do children do when they show bits of language that are irregular?

A

They try to make them fit their own regular pattern

52
Q

According to psycholinguists, most dialogues are what?

A

Highly structured forms of social communication, and they include three essential features that must be understood and shared by both parties

53
Q

What three parts of dialogue must be understood?

A

1) Opening conversations in ways that signal the willingness to converse
2) Understanding the unwritten rules for taking turns
3) Closing conversations by mutual agreement

54
Q

What is the result if the three essential features of dialogue are not understood?

A

Confusion and even distress

55
Q

How do parents teach their children the rules of dialogue?

A
  • Engage them in conversations
  • Ask questions and seek replies
  • Teach them what to say after someone has said or done something
56
Q

What do early social activities help children with?

A

Use language to gain their own ends, but also enable them to assist others in achieving their goals

57
Q

What wouldn’t be able to be done without a stable structure of social-verbal interaction?

A

They wouldn’t be able to use language in ways that are conversationally correct

58
Q

What would life be without language?

A

Life without access to the world of ideas, without any connection to the hearts and minds of other people because it is fundamental to our humanity

59
Q

What do we need to do before we communicate our sense of the world?

A

Perceive it

60
Q

What does perception enable us to do?

A

Experience the universe as it is, and to redesign it as it might be, not to mention persuading others to see it our way

PSYC 2230 - Midterm 2 (8 decks)

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