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Anth 101 > Language And Communication > Flashcards

Language And Communication Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of primates?

A

Apes and monkeys

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2
Q

What is the primary means of communication?

A

Language

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3
Q

How is language transmitted?

A

It is transmitted through learning

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4
Q

What is the language based on?

A

Language is based on arbitrary, learned associations between words and the things they stand for

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5
Q

How do anthropologist study language

A

They study the language based on cultural and social context

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6
Q

What does language help us to communicate?

A

The past and the the future, share our experiences with others and benefit from their experiences

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7
Q

How do linguists reconstruct ancient languages

A

By comparing their contemporary descendants and doing so make discovers about history

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8
Q

What do other linguists do when studying languages

A

Linguists differences to discover the varied worldview and patterns of thought in a multitude of cultures

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9
Q

What do sociolinguist do when it comes to dialect

A

They examine dialects and styles in a single language to show how speech reflects social differences

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10
Q

What is the other natural form of communication for other primates?

A

Call system

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11
Q

Call system characteristics

A

These vocal systems consist of a limited number of sounds calls-that are produced only when particular environmental stimuli are encountered.

Such calls may be varied in intensity and duration, but they are much less flexible than language because they are automatic and can’t be combined.

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12
Q

The call system faults and how human ancestors learned from it.

A

When primates encounter food and danger simultaneously, they can make only one call. They can’t combine the calls for food and danger into a single utterance, indicating that both are present.

At some point in human evolution, however, our ancestors began to combine calls and to understand the combinations. The number of calls also expanded, eventually becoming too great to be transmitted even partly through the genes. Communication came to rely almost totally on learning.

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13
Q

What is the discover when they try to teach apes spoken languages?

A

the vocal tract of apes is not suitable for speech. Until the 1960s, attempts to teach spoken language to apes suggested that they lack linguistic abilities.

In the 1950s, a couple raised a chimpanzee, Viki, as a member of their family and systematically tried to teach her to speak. However, Viki learned only four words (“mama,” “papa,” “up,” and “cup”).

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14
Q

Even though apes cannot speak spoken languages what other way can they communicate?

A

Through sign language

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15
Q

Who is the first chimpanzee to learn ASL?

A

Washoe {Female (2007) }
Died at 42
Research by R.Allen & Beatrice Gardner scientists at the University of Nevada in Reno, in 1966.
She was 1 year old when she was watched
She lived in a trailer with no spoken language so the researcher only communicated with one another thru ASL.

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16
Q

Who was the second chimpanzee that was introduced to ASL

A

Name: Lucy
Death: murdered ??
Lucy lived with a family in Norman, Oklahoma.
Roger Fouts came to see Lucy ASL skills: During that test, Lucy used ASL to communicate with her foster parents

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17
Q

What did the two chimpanzee develop by doing ASL?

A

They both develop trait like:

• Telling Jokes
• Swearing
• Telling lies

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18
Q

What is the definition of Linguistic Productivity

A

Creating new words to shorten ideas ex: finger bracelet=ring).

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19
Q

What is the definition of cultural transmission

A

The process through which cultural elements, in the form of attitudes, values, beliefs, and behavioral scripts, are passed onto and taught to individuals and groups (the monkeys taught ASL to the other monkeys).

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20
Q

Which animal are harder to teach AND WHY?

A

Gorillas because they are more resilient and stronger

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21
Q

Even though gorillas are hard to teach, which gorilla made the expectation?

A

Koko, a female gorilla who ASL had surpass chimpanzees ASL

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22
Q

What is one trait that KOKO and other chimpanzees possesses that they have along with humans

A

Productivity

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23
Q

How do we create new words?

A

We combine two words

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24
Q

What is the point of teaching apes and chimpanzees ASL?

A

 it is not to say that they can create languages, but that they can develop it

Productivity & creativity is the major factor

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25
Q

What is linguists displacement?

A

speaking about things not around or tangible

ex: speaking about doing something in the past or future tense).

Good because every call is tied to environmental stimulus such as food

26
Q

What is the difference between human language and gorilla language?

A

.

27
Q

What explains why humans can talk but chimpanzees can’t?

A

The mutated gene called the FOXP2

Those who have the nonspeech version of the gene cannot make the fine tongue and lip movements that are necessary for clear speech, and their speech is unintelligible-even to other members of the KE family

28
Q

What are the other way of communicating ?

A

We communicate when we transmit information about ourselves to others and receive such information from them.

29
Q

What did DEBORAH TANNEN study ?

A

Studied the nonverbal communication between American Woman and Men

Woman:
Look directly at one another when talking
Tend to be relaxed in all woman groups but when it comes to conversation with men {have a tighter stands and draw in their limps}

Men:
Don’t make eye contact
Tend to be more relaxed and comfortable in groups

30
Q

What is the definition of kinesics ?

A

the study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and expressions.

Linguists pay attention not only to what is said but to how it is said, and to features besides language itself that convey meaning.

31
Q

What does body movement communicates as well

A

They communicates to social differences because in Japan there are different bow, depending on your social status

32
Q

What is the definition of phonology?

A

the study of speech sounds, considers which sounds are present and meaningful in a given language.

33
Q

What is the definition of Morphology?

A

studies the forms in which sounds combine to form morphemes words and their meaningful parts.

34
Q

What is the definition of descriptive linguistics?

A

The scientific study of a spoken language involves several interrelated areas of analysis: phonology, morphology, lexicon, and syntax.

35
Q

Examples of Morphology

A

The word Cats

In depth:
Contains more than two morphemes
Cat is an animal and the “s” is a morpheme indicating plurality.

36
Q

What is a language lexicon

A

It is a dictionary containing all its morphemes and their meaning

It’s influences perception

A lexicon (or vocabulary) is a language’s dictionary, its set of names for things, events, and ideas.

37
Q

What is syntax?

A

Referred to the arrangements an order of words in phrases and sentences.

38
Q

What is a phoneme?

A

Is a sound contrast that makes a difference that differentiates meaning.

Any of the perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another, for example p, b, d, and t in the English words pad, pat, bad, and bat

39
Q

What is the definition of minimal pairs?

A

Words that resemble each other in all about one sound

40
Q

What is the definition of phonetics ?

A

is the study of speech sounds in general, what people actually say in various languages,like the differences in vowel pronunciation described in the discussion of midwestern speech at the beginning of the chapter.

41
Q

What is the definition of Phonemics?

A

studies only the significant sound contrasts (phonemes) of a given language.

42
Q

Who argued that the human brain contains a limited set of rules for organizing language, so that all languages have a common structural basis. (Universal Grammar )

A

Noam Chomsky

43
Q

The Sapir Whorf Hypothesis

A

they believe that different languages produce different ways of thinking.

argued that the grammatical categories of particular languages lead their speakers to think about things in different ways.

French genderize their nouns
Hopi Natives have only two tenses
Past/present = things that are/have happened
Future = hypothetical things that might happen or may exist

44
Q

What is the focal Vocabulary

A

Such specialized sets of terms and distinctions that are particularly important to certain groups (those with particular foci of experience or activity.

Words/figures of speech in a language that may be specific to a particular way of life/profession

Examples:
Different area describing the different types of snow but English speakers don’t know the differences because snow is just one word.

45
Q

What area in languages changes very often?

A

Vocabulary

46
Q

What influences the change in language ?

A

Changes in culture

47
Q

What is the definition of Semantics?

A

refers to a language’s meaning system.

48
Q

What is the difference between grammarians and linguists and anthropologists and also what does the interest help to discover

A

are interested in what people do say, rather than what they should say.

Speech differences are associated with, and tell us a lot about, social variation, such as region, education, ethnic background, and gender.

49
Q

Who is more likely to speak more ungrammatically?

A

MEN

50
Q

Men and woman are different when it comes to speaking but what are the things that men and women speak differently in

A

Men talk more about sports
Woman talk more about fashion

51
Q

Is language uniformed?

A

No it is not

52
Q

How do sociolinguistic do their studying

A

must observe, define, and measure variable use of language in real-world situations.

53
Q

What is the definition of style shift

A

The switching of languages

54
Q

What is the definition of diglossia ?

A

When people speaking the same language switch between different dialects within that same language

People employ the high variant at universities and in writing, professions, and the mass media. They use the low variant for ordinary conversation with family members and friends.

55
Q

What influence woman to use higher pitch voices, certain expressions and words

A

associated with women’s traditional lesser power in American society

56
Q

What is the Darwinian model?

A

Favored by sociobiologists and evolutionary psychologists

All of our behavior is explained by how we behaved in our most primal condition

We are hardwired to battle with each other; nature selected humans to be this way

Examples:
Territorialism ? - universal mentality of us v.s them

Reproductive Success ?
Wanted to produce more babies than their rivals.
People observe chimpanzees and species that have similar DNA and notice that Alpha males fight over females which can tell us what we used to be like
Issues : War-like societies don’t produce more babies

Population Pressures/Scare Resources ?
Too many people fighting over limited resources
Created war-like tendencies

Issues:
Societies with high populations and less resources where war doesn’t happen
Societies with a lot of resources where war does happen

57
Q

What does gender ideology?

A

The dominant attitude about the responsibility, right and the roles based on gender.

58
Q

What does gender ideology influence ?

A

Gender ideologies create/reinforce stereotypes.

It emphasizes gender roles.

Gender Ideologies are conveyed in ritual, institutions, media, etc.

It reproduces gender stratification
An uneven balance of power between the genders.

59
Q

What are the Three Diff Forms of Sovereignty

A

Federal and state government
Tribal citizens

60
Q

What is the standing rock pipeline protest about

A

Protests over gas pipelines on sacred land
● Pipelines would contaminate water supply that was used on reservation
● Natives didn’t have much power in terms of environmental issues
● “Economic benefits outweigh environmental risks and breach of tribal
sovereignty”

Anth 101 (1 decks)

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