Language and Cognition Flashcards
phonemes
basic speech sounds
semantics
meanings of words
syntax
grammatical rules for constructing phrases and sentences
Language areas are _____ for word and letter recognition
prewired
From birth, babies can _____ phonemes in any language
distinguish
aphasia
impaired language ability
aphasia that involves substitution by an incorrect, unintended word
paraphasia
What type of aphasia is this:
‘The Lord is a shoving leopard’
Paraphasia
What type of aphasia is this:
‘The light at end of the candle’
paraphasia
What type of aphasia involves an entirely novel word
neologism
What type of aphasia is The Jabberwock and example of?
Neologism
Basic disorders of language can be _____ or _____
genetic
acquired
Dysphasia
Any language disorder
Dysarthria
Inability to speak clearly
Dyspraxia
Inability to sequence a complex motor act
Dysgraphia
inability to write
Dyslexia
inability to read
What theory attributes aphasia to language impairment from loss of connections among brain regions
Disconnection theory
Disconnection theory explains _____ clinical aphasias
most
What is Nonfluent (Broca’s) aphasia characterized by?
halting, effortful speech with relatively good comprehension.
What is typically preserved in Nonfluent (Broca’s) aphasia?
Comprehension of spoken language.
What type of words are commonly used in speech by someone with Broca’s aphasia?
Mostly single words, especially nouns.
What is anomia, and how is it related to Broca’s aphasia?
Anomia is the inability to name people or objects, and it may co-occur with Broca’s aphasia.
Where is Broca’s area?
left inferior frontal gyrus
What is Fluent (Wernicke’s) aphasia characterized by?
fluent but nonsensical speech, often with many paraphasias (word errors).
Which type of aphasia is characterized by halting speech?
Broca’s
What is another term for Broca’s aphasia
nonfluent aphasia
What are paraphasias, and how do they present in Wernicke’s aphasia?
Paraphasias are incorrect word substitutions or jumbled phrases, leading to “word salad” speech (e.g., “Train flogging into my question…”).
Can patients with Wernicke’s aphasia understand spoken or written language?
No, they typically have poor comprehension of both spoken and written language.
Is speech production fluent or nonfluent in Wernicke’s aphasia?
Fluent, but meaningless.
Which brain area is typically affected in Wernicke’s aphasia?
Wernicke’s area, located in the posterior part of the left superior temporal gyrus.
With Wernicke’s aphasia, patients _____ understand what they read or hear
cannot
What is Global aphasia?
Broca’s and Wernicke’s
What is the key characteristic of Global aphasia?
inability to understand or produce language
Global aphasia is attributed to large _____-hemisphere lesions
left
Global aphasia affects _____ speech zones
all
The prognosis for Global aphasia is _____
poor
Which type of aphasia is attributed to impaired repetition of words only
Conduction aphasia
Arcuate fasciculus
axons connecting Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area
lesions of the _____ _____ cause conduction aphasia
arcuate fasciculus
Naming a seen object requries transfer of visual info to the _____ _____
angular gyrus
Lesions of the angular gyrus disconnect ______ and _____ systems
visual
auditory
Patients with lesions of the angular gyrus _____ speak and understand, but _____ read aloud
can
can’t
The right hemisphere can take over language after left-hemisphere damage, if the injury occurs _____ in life
early
If damage occurs later in life, language control is likely to shift into bordering areas in the _____ hemisphere
left
Aphasia therapy that uses the fact that singing may be intact after a left hemisphere stroke
melodic intonation therapy
ASL uses the same brain areas as ____ language
spoken
Strokes in deaf people affecting Broca and Wernicke areas impairs their _____ _____
sign language
singers and speakers have _____ brain activation in language tasks, but singers also activate the _____ _____
similar
right hemisphere
Babies learn by _____ and _____ to others speak
watching and listening
_____ neurons are critical to develop language
critical
Mirror neurons are active during _____ of other’s actions
imitation
Mirror neurons overlap _____ and _____ _____
Broca and Wernicke areas
Who said imitation learns his earliest lessons
Aristotle
What is a hemispherectomy
removal of a hemisphere
What are hemispherectomies used to treat?
epilepsy
Plasticity radically _____ later in life
diminishes
Hemispherectomies have a __% chance of normal functioning after procedure
60
If second language is learned before age 11, ____ brain regions are used for the two languages
same
If second language is learned after 11, ____ brain regions are used for the two languages
different
Dyslexia is a disorder of both _____ and _____ processing
visual
auditory
What are the two types of dyslexia
surface
deep
dyslexia that results in errors in reading restricted to details and
sounds of letters
surface
Which type of dyslexia causes error in auditory processing?
surface
Which type of dyslexia would read “pretty” as “pritty?”
surface
Which type of dyslexia results in errors in reading one word as another, related in meaning
deep
Which type of dyslexia would read “country” as “nation”
deep
Which type of dyslexia involves error later in auditory processing
later
Dyslexics have _____ cells in cortex
distorted
What are the types of cell distortions on the cortex of dyslexics?
Micropolygryia
ectopias
micropolygryia
excessive cortical folding
Ectopias
clusters of extra cells
Language is in the left hemisphere of __% of people
95
Is Wernicke’s or Broca’s aphasia more similar to dyslexia?
wernicke’s
Dyslexic brains use more of the _____ hemisphere to read
right
Why do dyslexics use more of the right hemisphere to read?
problems on the left
Dyslexia ____ with training
improves
When dyslexic children practice reading, fMRIs show increased activity in the _____ _____
angular gyrus
Which hemisphere is involved in words and letters
left
Which hemisphere is involved in language sounds
left
Which hemisphere is involved in verbal memory
left
Which hemisphere is involved in speech
left
Which hemisphere is involved in grammar rules
left
Which hemisphere is involved in reading
left
Which hemisphere is involved in writing
left
Which hemisphere is involved in arithmetic
left
Which hemisphere is involved in understanding building blocks of math
left
Which hemisphere is involved in geometric patterns
right
Which hemisphere is involved in faces
right
Which hemisphere is involved in emotional expression
right
Which hemisphere is involved in nonlanguage sounds
right
Which hemisphere is involved in music
right
Which hemisphere is involved in nonverbal memory
right
Which hemisphere is involved in emotional tone of speech
right
Which hemisphere is involved in geometry
right
Which hemisphere is involved in sense of direction
right
Which hemisphere is involved in distance
right
Which hemisphere is involved in mental rotation of shapes
right
Which hemisphere is involved in manipulating building blocks of math
right
people who don’t understand sarcasm are lacking in the _____ hemisphere
right
when the word and emotion do not match
sarcasm
Procedure that allows each hemisphere to act independently
corpus callostomy
Corpus callostom
connects left and right hemispheres
Hemisphere’s of split brain patiens work _____
independently
In split brain patients, the left hemisphere can _____ what it sees
tell
In split brain patients, the right hemisphere can _____ what it sees
show
When a normal individual covers their right eye and is shown a key in the left visual field, they (can/cannot) identify it
can
When a split-brain individual covers their right eye and is shown a key in the left visual field, they (can/cannot) identify it
cannot
When a split-brain individual covers their right eye and is shown a key in the right visual field, they (can/cannot) identify it
can
When a split brain patient covers their right eye and is shown an object in the left visual field, they (can/cannot) identify it, and (can/cannot) show how to use it
cannot
can
Hemisphere’s of split-brain patients work ______
independently
In split brain patients, the right visual field is associated with the _____ brain
left
In split brain patients, the left visual field is associated with the _____ brain
right
When split brain patients are presented a picture to the right visual field with their right eye covered:
_____ hemisphere cant tell you what it is
_____ hand can show you, but ____ hand cannot
left
right
left
When split brain patients are presented a picture to the left visual field with their right eye covered:
Subjects (do/don’t) know what it is
_____ hand can show you what it is, but _____ hand cannot
don’t
left
right
_____ testing presents different sounds to each ear at _____ or _____ time
dichotic
different
same
Dichotic listening presents _____ sounds to each ear at different or the same time
different
right-ear advantage in dichotic listening
right-handers identify verbal stimuli delivered to right ear more easily
Do some left-handers have left-ear advantage in dichotic listening?
yes
Some left handers have language in their _____ hemisphere
right
Injection of amobarbital into carotid artery briefly _____ that hemisphere
sedates
Right hander have language in the left hemisphere __% of the time
95
Left handers:
__% left lateralization (language on left side)
__% right
__% mixed
70
15
15
What does the Wada test do?
Sedate one hemisphere of the brain
The Planum temporale is generally _____ on the left
larger
What does the Planum Temporale being larger on the left reflect
innate verbal specialization of left hemisphere
Asymmetry in Planum Temporale size is present by week __ in gestation
30
What does it mean for asymmetry in Planum Temporale to appear in fetuses?
The difference is genetic and not caused by the environment
Auditory areas of the _____ hemisphere play the major role in perceiving music
right
Musical perception is impaired by damage to the ______ hemisphere
right
simple tones and perfect pitch involve the ______ hemisphere
left
Music activates the _____ hemisphere more than the ____
right
left
musicians with perfect pitch have a _____ planum temporale on the left hemisphere than nonmusicians
larger
two functional types of cortex
primary
association
Which type of cortex evolves first
primary
first cortex processing sensory input or motor output
Primary cortex
Multi-modal cortex
Association cortex
Which functional type of cortex includes the PFC
Association
Which type of functional cortex identifies
primary
Which type of functional cortex decides what to do
association
What lobe is the motor cortex
frontal
what lobe is the premotor cortex
frontal
what lobe is the prefrontal cortex
frontal
What are the two categories of prefrontal cortex
dorsolateral
orbitofrontal
Which functional zone of the cortex are the premotor, motor, and prefrontal cortices?
association
The frontal lobe is comprised of everything in front of the _____ _____
central sulcus
What was the damage done to Phineas Gage’s brain
Orbitofrontal cortex bilaterally
unilateral injuries are usually _____
survivable
bilateral injuries damage _____ _____
both hemispheres
Damage to both hemispheres is typically _____
fatal
after his accident, Phineas Gage reverted to a _____ _____ _____
5 year old
Prefrontal lesions cause perseverative _____
errors
Prefrontal lesions cause failures of _____
planning
Prefrontal lesions cause _____ pain reactivity
reduced
Prefrontal lesions cause _____ social behavior
inappropriate
Prefrontal lesions cause _____/_____ problems
attention
memory
Prefrontal lesions cause _____ change in IQ score
little
After his accident, Phineas Gage struggled with situations that conflicted with his _____
desires
Dorsolateral lesions cause poor _____ and _____-_____
judgment
self-care
Dorsolateral lesions cause motor _____ problems
programming
Orbitofrontal lesions cause _____ dependence
environmental
Orbitofrontal lesions cause _____ social insight
poor
Orbitofrontal lesions cause _____ lability
emotional
Most bizzare lobe of the human brain
parietal lobe
what lobe is phantom limb syndrome attributed to?
parietal
what lobe is Stockholm syndrome attributed to?
parietal
parietal lobe injuries produce _____ impairments
weird
The parietal lobe _____ all three other lobes
touches
Which lobe determines how information from senses relate to each other
parietal
What lobe causes agnosia
parietal
Individuals with associative agnosia _____ draw but _____ name
can
cannot
Individuals with apperceptive agnosia ____ draw but ____ name
cannot
can
associative agnosia is caused by damage to the _____ _____ _____
posterior parietal cortex
Individuals with associative agnosia can only name objects by _____
touch
Apperceptive agnosia is caused by damage to the _____ ____ and _____ areas
occipital lobes
surrounding
Prosopagnosia
people fail to recognize familiar faces
estimated 1 in __ Americans have prosopagnosia
50
Which celebrity has prosopagnosia
Brad Pitt
What type of damage causes prosopagnosia
bilateral damage to fusiform gyrus
What movie depicted a parietal lobe stroke
awakening
What hemisphere causes alien limb syndrome
right
Who wrote the Man who Fell Out of Bed
Oliver Sacks
What did the Man who fell out of the bed depict
alien limb syndrome
Anorexia is a _____ hemisphere _____ lobe disfunction
right
parietal
What happened in the man who fell out of bed
man wakes up and finds another leg in his bed, except it’s attached to his body and his true leg has disappeared
Damage to the _____ lobe can result in neglect of the ____ side of the body and of space
parietal
left
Hemispatial neglect takes place on the _____ side __% of the time
left
95
What are the two types of hemi spatial neglect
partial
complete
What lobe is attributed to body integrity disorder
parietal lobe
persistent and intense desire to have a healthy limb or body part amputated or paralyzed
body integrity disorder
What was the example given of body integrity disorder
Man packed dry ice onto leg to require amputation
repeated with other leg
Do people with body integrity disorder have schizophrenia?
no
neologists
use made up words
In neologists, correct words are typically _____ _____ _____
commonly used words
What type of aphasia does someone who cannot say “no ifs, ands, or buts”
EXAM QUESTION
Broca’s
