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SLA > Language Acquisition > Flashcards

Language Acquisition Flashcards

1
Q

Fossilization

A

process through which forms from a speaker’s non native language usage become fixed in a way that would be considered ungrammatical by a native speaker and do not change

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2
Q

foreign accent

A

an accent that is marked by the phonology of another language or other languages that are familiar to the speaker

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3
Q

second-language acquisition

A

acquisition of a second language as a teenager or adult

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4
Q

transfer

A

the influence of one’s native language on the learning of subsequent languages

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5
Q

code switching

A

using words or structural elements from more than one language within the same conversation

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6
Q

simultaneous bilingualism

A

bilingualism in which both languages are acquired from infancy

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7
Q

sequential bilingualism

A

bilingualism in which a second language is acquired as a young child

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8
Q

multilingual

A

the state of commanding three or more languages

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9
Q

conversational turns

A

the contribution to a conversation made by one speaker from the time that she takes the floor from another speaker to the time that she passes the floor on to another speaker

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10
Q

attention getters

A

words or phrases used to initiate an address to children

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11
Q

attention holders

A

a tactic used to maintain children’s attention for extended amounts of time

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12
Q

telegraphic utterances

A

utterances containing primarily content words

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13
Q

child-directed speech

A

speech used by parents or caregivers when communicating with young children or infants

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14
Q

deictic expressions

A

word or expression that takes its meaning relative to the time, place, and speaker of the utterance

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15
Q

relative intersection

A

type of relationship between adjective and noun reference where the reference of the adjective is determined relative to the noun reference

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16
Q

under-extension

A

application of a word to a smaller set of objects than is appropriate for mature adult speech or the usual definition of a word

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17
Q

complexive concept

A

a term used in the study of child language acquisition. a group of items that a child refers to with a single word for which it is not possible to single out any one unifying property

18
Q

overextension

A

in the study of child language acquisition, a relationship between child and adult perception of word meaning: the child’s application of a given word has a wider range than the application of the same word in adult language

19
Q

overgeneralization

A

a relationship between a child and adult application of rules relative to certain contexts: a process in which children extend the application of linguistic rules to contexts beyond those in the adult language

20
Q

telegraphic

A

a phase during child language acquisition in which children use utterances composed primarily of content words

21
Q

one word stage

A

stage in first language acquisition during which children can produce only one word at a time

22
Q

variegated babbling

A

production of meaningless consonant vowel sequences by infants

23
Q

canonical babbling

A

continuous repetition of sequences of vowels and consonants like (mamama) by infants; repeated babbling

24
Q

articulatory gestures

A

a movement of a speech organ in the production of speech, for example, the movement of the velum for the production of a nasal consonant

25
Q

voice onset time (VOT)

A

the length of time between the release of a consonant and the onset of voicing, that is, when the vocal folds start vibrating

26
Q

Conditioned head turn procedure (HT)

A

experimental technique usually used with infants between five and eighteen months with two phases: conditioning and testing. During the conditioning phase, the infant learns to associate a change in sound with the activation of visual reinforcers, first presented at the same time and then in succession, such that the infant begins to anticipate the appearance of the visual reinforcers and look at them before they are activated. During the testing phase, when the infant looks to the visual reinforcers immediately after a change in sound, it suggests that the infant has perceived the change in sound, thereby demonstrating the ability to discriminate between the two sounds involved.

27
Q

High amplitude sucking (HAS)

A

experimental technique used to study sound discrimination in infants from birth to about six months. infants are given a special pacifier that is connected to a sound generating system. Each suck on the pacifier generates a noise, and infants’ sucking behavior is used to draw conclusions and discriminating abilities

28
Q

Social interaction theory

A

theory of language acquisition that claims that children acquire language through social interaction-in particular with older children and adults-and prompt their caregivers to supply them with the appropriate language experience they need

29
Q

Connectionist theories

A

theory of language acquisition that claims that children learn language through neural connections in the brain. a child develops such connections through exposure to language and by using language

30
Q

Reinforcement theory

A

theory of language acquisition that says that children learn to speak like adults because they are praised, rewarded, or otherwise reinforced when they use the right forms and are corrected when they use the wrong ones

31
Q

active construction of grammar theory

A

theory of language acquisition that says that children acquire a language by inventing rules of grammar based on the speech around them

32
Q

imitation theory

A

theory of language acquisition that claims that children acquire language by listening to the speech around them and reproducing what they hear

33
Q

homesign

A

a rudimentary visual-gestural communication system that is developed and used by deaf children and their families when a signed language is not made available for their communication

34
Q

neglected children

A

a child who is neglected by caretakers, often resulting in significantly lower exposure to language as a child

35
Q

feral children

A

child who grew up in the wild without care by human adults, often with animals

36
Q

innate

A

determined by factors present from birth

37
Q

innateness hypothesis

A

a hypothesis that humans are genetically predisposed to learn and use language

38
Q

linguistic universals

A

property believed to be held common by all natural languages

39
Q

holophrase

A

a one word sentence

40
Q

bilingual

A

state of commanding two languages

SLA (1 decks)

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