Language

Question 1

He stated that

“the faculty of articulating words”

Answer 1

(Ferdinand de Saussure, 1916)

Question 2

He stated that
“Language is a purely human and non instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions, and desires by means of a system of voluntarily produced symbols”

Answer 2

(Edward Sapir, 1921)

Question 3

They stated that :
“language as genetic inheritance, a mathematical system, a social fact, the expression of individual identity, the expression of cultural identity, the outcome of dialogic interaction, a social semiotic, the intuitions of native speakers, the sum of attested data, a collection of memorised chunks, a rule-governed discrete combinatory system, or electrical activation in a distributed network”

Answer 3

(Guy Cook & Barbara Seidlhofer, 1995)

Question 4

They stated that:
In informal usage, a language is understood as a culturally specific communication system”; “In the varieties of modern linguistics that concern us here, the term “language” is used quite differently to refer to an internal component of the mind/brain”

Answer 4

(Marc D. Hauser, Noam Chomsky and W. Tecumseh Fitch, 2002)

Question 5

He stated that:

“A language is a system of meaning a semiotic system.”

Answer 5

(Halliday, 2003: 2)

Question 6

They stated that:
“language as a finite system of elements and principles that make it possible for speakers to construct sentences to do particular communicative jobs”

Answer 6

(Ralph Fasold & Jeffrey Connor-Linton, 2006)

Question 7

He stated that:
“Language as a tool for communication”

Answer 7

(David Nunan, 2007)

Question 8

They stated that:
“Language is foremost a means of communication, and communication almost always takes place within some sort of social context”; “language is a rule-based system of signs”

Answer 8

(Julie S. Amberg & Deborah J. Vause, 2009: 2)

Question 9

He stated that :
“a communication system composed of arbitrary elements which possess an agreed-upon significance within a community. These elements are connected in rule-governed ways”

Answer 9

(John Edwards, 2009: 53)

Question 10

She stated that:
“Unpacking the definition ‘language as a rule-governed discrete combinatory system’, we see that language is a system, a system comprised of discrete segments: phonemes, lexemes, morphemes.”; “Language as social fact”

Answer 10

(Diane Larsen-Freeman, 2011)

Question 11

They stated that:
“language, a system of conventional spoken, manual (signed), or written symbols by means of which human beings, as members of a social group and participants in its culture, express themselves.”

Answer 11

(Tom Robins and David Crystal, 2021)

Question 12

a system of _______ spoken, manual (signed), or written symbols by means of which ____ beings, as members of a ________ and participants in its ______, express themselves.

Answer 12

conventional,human,social group,culture

Question 13

the _______ of behaviour as a result of individual experience. When an organism can perceive and change its behaviour, it is said to learn.

Answer 13

alteration

Question 14

WHAT IMPORTANT ELEMENT DO YOU THINK KICKSTARTS THE ABILITY TO USE LANGUAGE?

Answer 14

Sounds

Question 15

30 WEEKS IN THE WOMB - FEEL SOUNDWAVES (AMNIOTIC FLUID)

Answer 15

Babies

Question 16

SHORTLY AFTER BIRTH, MORE INTERESTED IN LANGUAGE SOUNDS THAN NON-LANGUAGE SOUND

Answer 16

Babies

Question 17

PAY MORE ATTENTION WHEN THEY NOTICE SOMETHING NEW

Answer 17

BABIES

Question 18

BEGINS BABBLING

Answer 18

Babies

Question 19

EXPOSED TO CHILD DIRECTED SPEECH

Answer 19

Babies

Question 20

SPEAKS FIRST WORD BY I YEAR-OLD

Answer 20

Babies

Question 21

1st _________ is a complex process that can be divided into early and late stages, each distinguish by its unique qualities

Answer 21

Language Acquisition

Question 22

EARLY FIRST LANGUAGE LEARNING OCCURS FROM ___ TO AROUND _______ OF AGE.

Answer 22

BIRTH,THREE YEARS

Question 23

A THREE-YEAR-OLD CHILD HAS A VOCABULARY OF APPROXIMATELY ________ AND HAS MASTERED THE SYNTAX AND INTRICATE SENTENCE STRUCTURE OF THEIR NATIVE LANGUAGE

Answer 23

900 WORDS

Question 26

LATE FIRST LANGUAGE ACQUISITION OCCURS AFTER THE AGE OF _____ AND IS A CONTINUOUS PROCESS THROUGH _________.

Answer 26

THREE,ADOLESCENCE

Question 27

THEY FIND IT MUCH MORE DIFFICULT TO ACHIEVE NATIVE-LIKE CONTROL OF A SECOND LANGUAGE, FOR IT IS LEARNED WITH THE INFLUENCE OF THE FIRST LANGUAGE.

Answer 27

LATE FIRST LANGUAGE LEARNERS

Question 28

THIS INFLUENCE OFTEN LEADS TO TRANSFER OF NATIVE LANGUAGE RULES, BOTH ____ AND _______, WHICH CAUSE INTERFERENCE IN THE SECOND LANGUAGE.

Answer 28

GRAMMATICAL,PHONOLOGICAL

Question 29

BEHAVIORISTS DEFINE LANGUAGE AS ________?

Answer 29

"THE ACQUISITION OF HABITS."

Question 30

ACCORDING TO THE BEHAVIORIST VIEW, LANGUAGE IS ACQUIRED THROUGH THE ?

Answer 30

REINFORCEMENT OF CORRECT USE OF WORDS AND SENTENCE STRUCTURES WHEN SPEAKING.

Question 31

FOR EXAMPLE, A CHILD WHO SAYS "MANS" INSTEAD OF "MEN" WILL BE CORRECTED AND WILL THEN REPEAT THE CORRECT FORM, AND BE PRAISED BY ADULTS FOR DOING SO.

Answer 31

Behaviourist theory

Question 32

THE BEHAVIORIST PRINCIPLES OF _______,_______,_______ ARE USED TO ACCOUNT FOR FIRST LANGUAGE ACQUISITION.

Answer 32

CONTIGUITY, REINFORCEMENT, AND FREQUENCY

Question 33

THE STATE OF BEING IN CLOSE ASSOCIATION.

Answer 33

CONTIGUITY

Question 34

THEY CLAIM THAT YOUNG CHILDREN LEARN WORDS AND SENTENCES BY ASSOCIATING SOUNDS WITH MEANING. FOR EXAMPLE, A CHILD MAY LEARN THE WORD "DOG" AFTER SEEING A DOG IN A PARK AND BY ADULTS POINTING AND SAYING "DOG."

Answer 34

BEHAVIORISTS

Question 35

THE FIRST STEP IN LEARNING A WORD OR SENTENCE IS AN ____________ AND THIS LEADS TO THE FORMATION OF A HABIT AFTER THE CHILD HAS BEEN REINFORCED.

Answer 35

IMITATION OF SOUNDS

Question 36

STIMULUS-RESPONSE THEORY STATES THAT A CHILD WILL FORM SPECIFIC RESPONSES TO SPECIFIC _______, FOR EXAMPLE, THE QUESTION "WHAT IS THIS?" WILL LEAD THE CHILD TO RESPOND WITH THE NAME OF THE OBJECT.

Answer 36

STIMULI

Question 37

ONE OF THE MAIN STRENGTHS OF THE BEHAVIORIST THEORY IS THE ___________ SUPPORTING THE PRINCIPLES OF CONTIGUITY, FREQUENCY, AND REINFORCEMENT IN LEARNING

Answer 37

AMOUNT OF EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE

Question 38

Individual that theory the Behaviourism

Answer 38

Skinner

Question 39

Children imitate adults. Their correct utterances are reinforced when they get what they want or are praised.

Answer 39

Skinner ( Behaviorist )

Question 40

Individual that theory the Innateness

Answer 40

Chomsky

Question 41

A child's brain contains special language-learning mechanisms at birth.

Answer 41

Chomsky ( Innateness )

Question 42

Individual that theory cognitive

Answer 42

Piaget

Question 43

Language is just one aspect of a child's overall intellectual development.

Answer 43

Piaget ( cognitive )

Question 44

Individual that theory interaction

Answer 44

Bruner

Question 45

This theory emphasises the interaction between children and their care-givers

Answer 45

Bruner ( interaction )

Question 46

The behaviourist psychologists developed their theories while carrying out a series of experiments on animals. They observed that rats or birds, for example, could be taught to perform various tasks by encouraging habit-forming. Researchers rewarded desirable behaviour. This was known as positive reinforcement. Undesirable behaviour was punished or simply not rewarded - negative reinforcement.

Answer 46

Behaviorism

Question 47

Researchers rewarded desirable behaviour. This was known as ______

Answer 47

Positive reinforcement

Question 48

Undesirable behaviour was punished or simply not rewarded - _______

Answer 48

Negative reinforcement

Question 49

He suggested that a child imitates the language of its parents or carers. Successful attempts are rewarded because an adult who recognises a word spoken by a child will praise the child and/or give it what it is asking for. Successful utterances are therefore reinforced while unsuccessful ones are forgotten.

Answer 49

Skinner

Question 50

Language is based on a set of _______ or _______, which could not be worked out simply by imitating individual utterances

Answer 50

structures or rules

Question 51

The mistakes made by children reveal that they are not simply imitating but actively working out and applying rules. For example, a child who says "drinked" instead of "drank" is not copying an adult but rather ________

Answer 51

over-applying a rule.

Question 52

intelligent mistakes or ?

Answer 52

virtuous errors

Question 53

The vast majority of children go through the same stages of language acquisition. There appears to be a definite sequence of steps, which we refer to _____

Answer 53

developmental milestones.

Question 54

The child's natural predisposition to learn language is triggered by ______ and the child's brain is able to interpret what s/he hears according to the underlying principles or structures it already contains.

Answer 54

hearing speech

Question 55

Few children receive much explicit grammatical correction. Parents are more interested in ______ and ______

Answer 55

politeness and truthfulness.

Question 56

There is evidence for a critical period for language acquisition. Children who have not acquired language by the age of about _____ will never entirely catch up

Answer 56

seven

Question 57

He published a criticism of the behaviourist theory in 1957. In addition to some of the arguments listed earlier, he focused particularly on the impoverished language input children receive

Answer 57

Noam Chomsky

Question 58

Chomsky concluded that children must have an ___________. According to this theory, the process is biologically determined - the human species has evolved a brain whose neural circuits contain linguistic information at birth.

Answer 58

inborn faculty for language acquisition

Question 59

The natural faculty has become known as the ?

Answer 59

Language Acquisition Device (LAD).

Question 60

LAD stands for?

Answer 60

Language Acquisition Device

Question 61

Children are often ____________ especially if the adult utterance contains a structure the child has not yet started to use.

Answer 61

unable to repeat what an adult says,

Question 62

Chomsky focused particularly on the _______ input children receive. Adults do not typically speak in grammatically complete sentences

Answer 62

impoverished language