Language Flashcards
Where is brocas area
inferior frontal gyrus
where is wernickes area
superior temporal gyrus
What is the role of corticobulbar tract
goes to the brainstem and innervates nerves that can help with speech
What structures are involved in speech
- Speech generating cortex
- Modulatory input from the corticobulbar pathway, basal ganglia and cerebellum
- Modulatory input from auditory recognition areas of the brain
- Cranial nerves input - 10th nerve (supplies the larynx), 12th nerve (supplies the tongue)
- Tongue and other muscles
- Larynx - a voice generator
- Oropharynx – a voice modulator
Dysphonia
problems to produce sound or volume
Aphonia
you cant produce any sound
dysarthria
problems with artiuclation with speech
anarthria
if you cant articulate speech at all
aphasia
you cant comprehend language
dysphasia
problems with comprehending speech
What is expressive aphasia
aka dysphasia
Why? -> Lesion in the inferior frontal gyrus in the dominant (usually left) hemisphere -> brocas area
-(motor/non-fluent/Broca’s/anterior)
Speech is non-fluent, agrammatical, telegraphic nature of the speech
- Language comprehension is intact
- if you say like “close your eyes” - he/she can do it
- Patients are unable to write normally or to repeat pharses
- The patient is typically aware of the disorder and frustrated by it
What is receptive aphasia
dysphasia
sensory/fluent/Wernicke’s/posterior
why? - Lesion in the superior temporal gyrus in the dominant (left) hemisphere
-comprehension + and repetition are impaired
-speech is fluent and does not make sense
-large volume of language produced, lacks meaning, may have paraphasic errors
-Comprehension of written language is impaired
-Patient could be mislabelled as confused
-
What is global aphasia
people cannot express, comprehend, nor repeat spoken or written language
-has both expressive and receptive aphasia
What is conduction aphasia
repetition is impaired, expression and comprehension are intact
Transcortical aphasia
expressive, receptive, or global aphasia occurs
but there is intact repetition
What disorder may be difficutlt to distingush from aphasia
Dysarthria
What does dysarthria spare
oral and written language comprehension and written expression
If someone has dysphonia how would there voice sound
voice is either hoarse, rough, soft or breathy
What are the causes of dysphonia/aphonia
Structural/Neoplastic:
Cysts, Polyps, Nodules, Carcinoma
Inflammatory:
Allergy, Infections, Reflux, Smoking
Neuromuscular:
Multiple Sclerosis, Myasthenia Gravis, Parkinson’s disease, Spasmodic Dysphonia, Nerve injury
Systemic Diseases:
Acromegaly, Amyloidosis, Hypothyroidism, Sarcoidosis
Other:
Psychogenic, Stress, Vocal strain
Can you name some causes of Dysarthria/anarthria
failure of articulation and difficulties to pronounce words secondary to weakness of muscles that help produce speech (what dysarthria/anarthria)
-depends on type
flaccid: bulbar palsy
ataxic: cerebellar ataxia
hypokinetic: parkinsonism
hyperkinetic: chorea
How would we examine someone’s speech
need to look at comprehension (understanding) and fluency (sponetnous speech)
Asking questions
- What is your address? What do you do for a living? What did you have for breakfast today?
Giving commands
- Start with simple commands and increase the complexity as appropriate:
- Close your eyes, show me your right hand, close your right eye and touch your left ear with your right hand
Assessing repetition
- Ask the patient to repeat a simple word such as pen or watch
- Try a full sentence: ‘It is very cold today’
- Try a phrase: ‘no ifs, ands or buts’
