Language

Question 1

Where is brocas area

Answer 1

inferior frontal gyrus

Question 2

where is wernickes area

Answer 2

superior temporal gyrus

Question 3

What is the role of corticobulbar tract

Answer 3

goes to the brainstem and innervates nerves that can help with speech

Question 4

What structures are involved in speech

Answer 4

• Speech generating cortex
• Modulatory input from the corticobulbar pathway, basal ganglia and cerebellum
• Modulatory input from auditory recognition areas of the brain
• Cranial nerves input - 10th nerve (supplies the larynx), 12th nerve (supplies the tongue)
• Tongue and other muscles
• Larynx - a voice generator
• Oropharynx – a voice modulator

Question 5

Dysphonia

Answer 5

problems to produce sound or volume

Question 6

Aphonia

Answer 6

you cant produce any sound

Question 7

dysarthria

Answer 7

problems with artiuclation with speech

Question 8

anarthria

Answer 8

if you cant articulate speech at all

Question 9

aphasia

Answer 9

you cant comprehend language

Question 10

dysphasia

Answer 10

problems with comprehending speech

Question 11

What is expressive aphasia

aka dysphasia

Answer 11

Why? -> Lesion in the inferior frontal gyrus in the dominant (usually left) hemisphere -> brocas area
-(motor/non-fluent/Broca’s/anterior)

Speech is non-fluent, agrammatical, telegraphic nature of the speech
- Language comprehension is intact
- if you say like “close your eyes” - he/she can do it
- Patients are unable to write normally or to repeat pharses
- The patient is typically aware of the disorder and frustrated by it

Question 12

What is receptive aphasia

dysphasia

Answer 12

sensory/fluent/Wernicke’s/posterior

why? - Lesion in the superior temporal gyrus in the dominant (left) hemisphere

-comprehension + and repetition are impaired
-speech is fluent and does not make sense
-large volume of language produced, lacks meaning, may have paraphasic errors
-Comprehension of written language is impaired
-Patient could be mislabelled as confused
-

Question 13

What is global aphasia

Answer 13

people cannot express, comprehend, nor repeat spoken or written language

-has both expressive and receptive aphasia

Question 14

What is conduction aphasia

Answer 14

repetition is impaired, expression and comprehension are intact

Question 15

Transcortical aphasia

Answer 15

expressive, receptive, or global aphasia occurs

but there is intact repetition

Question 16

What disorder may be difficutlt to distingush from aphasia

Answer 16

Dysarthria

Question 17

What does dysarthria spare

Answer 17

oral and written language comprehension and written expression

Question 18

If someone has dysphonia how would there voice sound

Answer 18

voice is either hoarse, rough, soft or breathy

Question 19

What are the causes of dysphonia/aphonia

Answer 19

Structural/Neoplastic:
Cysts, Polyps, Nodules, Carcinoma
Inflammatory:
Allergy, Infections, Reflux, Smoking
Neuromuscular:
Multiple Sclerosis, Myasthenia Gravis, Parkinson’s disease, Spasmodic Dysphonia, Nerve injury
Systemic Diseases:
Acromegaly, Amyloidosis, Hypothyroidism, Sarcoidosis
Other:
Psychogenic, Stress, Vocal strain

Question 20

Can you name some causes of Dysarthria/anarthria

Answer 20

failure of articulation and difficulties to pronounce words secondary to weakness of muscles that help produce speech (what dysarthria/anarthria)

-depends on type
flaccid: bulbar palsy
ataxic: cerebellar ataxia
hypokinetic: parkinsonism
hyperkinetic: chorea

Question 21

How would we examine someone’s speech

Answer 21

need to look at comprehension (understanding) and fluency (sponetnous speech)

Asking questions

• What is your address? What do you do for a living? What did you have for breakfast today?

Giving commands

• Start with simple commands and increase the complexity as appropriate:
• Close your eyes, show me your right hand, close your right eye and touch your left ear with your right hand

Assessing repetition

• Ask the patient to repeat a simple word such as pen or watch
• Try a full sentence: ‘It is very cold today’
• Try a phrase: ‘no ifs, ands or buts’