Language Flashcards
what kind of Brain damage or disorders do we see associated with language deficits
stroke, dementia, tumors
how to test hemisphere speech
wada test
FMRI –> compare activation in hemispheres
symptoms of Broca’s aphasia
broken speech, difficulty producing words, few conjugations and prepositions, produce content words but not function words. struggles putting words together and using grammar
can still comprehend written and spoken speech
is damage to broca or wernickes alone sufficient to cause aphasia
no, usually the auditory or parietal regions are damaged as well
what kind of technique is used in rehabilitation of brocas aphasia
singing what the person wants to say
most likely due to the right hemisphere being able to boost the left
symptoms of wernickes aphasia
can speak fluently (however speech does not make sense and is word salad) but cannot understand language
speak in long phrases of run on sentences
verbal paraphasia (word substitution)
what areas is wernickes connect to
it is an extension of the temporal and auditory cortex and connects to parietal lobe
where are lesion usually located for wernickes aphasia
Typically situated at the junction of temporal lobe (retrieval of meaning) with parietal (links modalities to meaning) and occipital regions, near Hershel’s gyrus (primary auditory cortex)
what is verbal paraphasia (semantic, phonemic neologism)
word substitution
semantic paraphasia: substituted word has a related meaning, barn for house
phonemic paraphasia: substituted word has a similar sound word (e.g., “table” becomes “fable”).
neologisms: legal new words (e.g., “trable”)
what is conduction aphasia
damage to the white matter connections between brocas and wernickes
issues relaying information from one area to the other
production of speech is impaired and words are often repeated
can still comprehend and have fluent speech
what tract connects brocas and wernickes and is often damaged in aphasia
arcuate fasciculus
function of the dorsal pathway
links sound to action
helps to form words, knowing the sounds we want to produce, understand when we’ve made a pronunciation mistake
function of the ventral pathway
links sound to meaning
aids with linking face to voice and linking object names to the object itself
what is the comparison in pathway length of monkeys to human
humans have a much longer dorsal pathway and is larger on the left side, the ventral pathway is fairly small
what are the two main pathways of the dorsal pathways and their functions
- posterior regions of temporal gyrus to premotor areas
feeds auditory language information to premotor for production and articulation - auditory cortex to superior temporal gyrus’
important for complex syntax structure, sensory to motor transformation
what are the pathways of the ventral pathway
anterior temporal to inferior prefrontAL – involved in semantics
superior temporal lobe–> anterior temporal regions
linking phonology and semantics to meaning
what is phonology
rules in how sounds in language are organized
what is syntax
rules of grammar
what are semantics
categories of meaning in language
what are phonemes and phonetics
phonemes = smallest unit of sound that alters meaning
phonetics = how speech sound is produced in different contexts
what kind of phonological errors do people with different kinds of aphasia make
Broca’s (anterior lesions) –> make phonemic and phonetic errors
wernickes (posterior lesions)–> difficulty with phonemes (selection, sequencing, producing )
what kind of syntax errors do people with different kinds of aphasia make
brocas –> not sensitive to grammatical cues (often grammatical endings of words missing) poor comprehension of complex syntax
wernickes –> syntax not so much affected
produces meaningless but still grammatical speech
what kind of semantic errors do people with different kinds of aphasia make
wernickes–> impair the ability to extract meaning from language , Problems with comprehension and occasionally productions
brocas –> anterior lesions impair syntax, but preserve meaning, Will make errors related to syntax, not semantics
describe the study of ERP in relation to anterior and posterior lesions
ERP larger in left than right posterior regions in relation to semantics, but no ERP in anterior regions
grammatical (syntactic) error produce bilateral N600 era over both posterior and anterior language regions
appear in both regions likely due to fact errors in grammar changes both the grammar itself and the meaning
explain the study about scrambled visuals vs scrambled sound
measure facial more with PET while giving TMS pulses to elect response form lip muscles while listening to speech
findings –> activity in brocas and wernickes when listening to speech
processing of speech sounds in posterior regions sends signal to anterior regions (automatically prepare Moto commands required to produce sounds we are hearing)
describe the results of the study of bilingualism between monolinguals and bilinguals
bilinguals –> greater activation in anterior regions for language 2 + additional posterior regions active for somatic tasks
takeaway –> L2 control and processing more effortful, needs additional semantic processing, more susceptible to impairment after stoke
what are the findings about age of onset and second language
simultaneous (learn from birth) language learners have greater connectivity between posterior and anterior language regions
putamen has enlarged grey matter
pre-motor region more grey matter
all regions important for language
temporal gyrus (auditory association), premotor areas, parietal cortex, brocas, wernickes, audoitry cortex
