Language

Question 1

Words ending in y

Answer 1

— keep y if y is after a vowel
Ex. Pay -> paying
— drop y, replace w i, if after consonant
Ex. Bully -> bullying
Ex. Bully -> bullied

Question 2

Words ending in c

Answer 2

— suffix begins w e, i, or y add a k at the end

Ex. Mimic —> mimicking
Ex. Panic —> panicky

Question 3

Words that contain ie or ei

Answer 3

Most words spelled w ie, except if followed by a c or sound like a

Ex. Piece,friend, believe ( i before e)
Ex. Receive, ceiling, conceited (except after c)
Ex. Weight, neighborhood, veil ( sounds like a)

Question 4

Words ending w/ e

Answer 4

Determine if e is silent
—— keep e if suffix begins w a consonant

Ex. Age —> ageless

—— drop e is suffix starts w vowel

Ex age —-> aging

exception if ends w -ce or -ge, -able or -ous —— keep e

Ex courage— courageous
Ex. Notice — noticeable

Question 5

Words ending w -ceed

Answer 5

Only 3 words
-exceed
-proceed
-succeed

Question 6

Words ending w -sede

Answer 6

Only 1 word —— supersede

Question 7

Rules for plural forms: Nouns ending in y

Answer 7

Nouns ends w consonant and y — replace w -ies

Ex. Puppy— puppies
Ex. Fly — flies

Noun ends w vowel and y — add s

Ex. Alley — alleys
Ex. Boy — boys

Question 8

Plural forms: nouns ending in - f or -fe

Answer 8

Replace f w/ v and adding es

Ex. Knife —knives
Ex. Self — selves
Ex. Wolf — wolves

• exception is roof. It just turns to roofs*

Question 9

Plural forms: nouns ending in o

Answer 9

Nouns ending w consonant and o —- add -es

Ex. Hero — heroes
Ex. Tornado — tornadoes
Ex. Potato — potatoes

Ending w a vowel and o — add s

Ex. Portfolio — portfolios
Ex. Radio — radios
Ex. Cameo — cameos

• exception are w musical terms ending in o. Just add an s*

Ex. Soprano — sopranos
Ex. Banjo — banjos

Question 10

Plural forms : letters, numbers, and symbols

Answer 10

Add an apostrophe and s

Ex. The L’s are the people whose names begin w the letter L
Ex. They broke the teams down into groups of 3’s
Ex. The sorority girls were all KD’s

Question 11

Plural forms : compound nouns

Answer 11

Made of two or more words. Sometimes made w hyphens

To make plural: an s or es is added to the noun portion of the word

Ex. Mother-in-law -» mothers-in-law
Ex. Court-martial —> courts-martial

Question 12

Commonly confused words : which, that, and who

Answer 12

Which : used for things only
Ex. Andrew’s car, which is old and rusty, broke down last week.

That: for people or things… used informally to describe people
Ex. Is this the only book that Louis L’amour wrote.
Ex. Is Louis L’amour the author that wrote Western novels?

Who : for people or for animals that have a name
Ex. Mozart was the composer who wrote those operas.
Ex. John’s dog, who is called Max, is large and fierce.

Question 13

Homophones
That/then
Its/it’s
Affect/effect
Than/then

Answer 13

Words that sound alike, but diff spelling and definitions

Than/then

Than: only for comparisons
Ex. Susie likes chips better than candy
Then: indicates sequence or order
Ex. I’m going to run to the library and then come home

It’s/its

Its: pronoun that shows ownership
Ex. The guitar is in its case
It’s: contraction of it is
Ex. It’s an honor and a privilege to meet u

Affect and effect

Affect (n) feeling,emotion, or mood
Ex. The patient had a flat affect.
Affect (v) alter,to change, to influence
Ex. The sunshine affects the plants growth.

Effect(n) a result, a consequence
Ex. What effect will this weather have on our schedule?
Effect (v) to bring about, to cause to be
Ex. These new rules will effect order in the office

Question 14

Punctuation: periods

Answer 14

For all sentences except direct questions,exclamations

Declarative sentence : gives information or make a statement
Ex. I can fly a kite. | the plane left two hours ago.

Imperative sentence: gives and order or command
Ex. You are coming with me. | bring me that note.

Periods for abbreviations
Ex. 3 P.M. | Pennsylvania Ave. | Mr.jones

Question 15

Punctuation: question marks

Answer 15

Followed by a direct question. Polite questions are followed by a period

Direct question: what is for lunch today? |how are you? | Why is that the answer?

Polite requests: can you please send me the item tomorrow. | will u please walk w me on the track.

Question 16

punctuation: commas (rules)

Answer 16

Before a coordinating conjunction joining a independent clause
Ex. Bob caught three fish, and i caught two fish.

After an introductory phrase
Ex. After the final out, we went to a restaurant to celebrate.

After an adverbial clause
Ex. Studying the stars, i was awed by the beauty of the sky.

Between items in a series
Ex. I will bring the turkey, the pie, and the coffee.

For interjections
Ex. Wow, you know how to play this game

Yes or no responses
Ex. No, i cannot come tomorrow

Separate nonessential modifiers
Ex. John frank, who coaches the team, was promoted today.

Separate nonessential appositives
Ex. Thomas Edison, an American inventor, was born in Ohio.

Separate nouns of direct address
Ex. You, john, are my only hope in this moment.

Separate interrogative tags
Ex. This is the last time, correct?

Separate contrasts
Ex. You are my friend, not my enemy.

-writing dates, writing addresses, writing geographical names, titles, separate expressions like he/she said-

Between coordinate adjectives
Ex. The kind,loyal dog followed me home
Incorrect: the kind,brown dog followed me home. adjectives must be similar in order to have a comma

Question 17

Punctuation:semicolons (rules)

Answer 17

Between closely connected independent clauses not connected with a coordinating conjunction
Ex. You are right; we should go with your plan.

Between independent clauses linked with a transitional word
Ex. I think that we can agree on this; however, i am not sure about my friends.

Between items in a series that has internal punctuation
Ex. I have visited New York,new York ; Augusta, Maine; and Baltimore, Maryland.

Question 18

Punctuation: colons (rules)

Answer 18

After an independent clause to make a list
Ex. I want to learn many languages: Spanish, German, and Italian.

For explanations
Ex. There is one thing that stands out on your resume: responsibility

To give a quote
Ex. He started with an idea: “ we are able to do more than we imagine.”

Greeting in a formal letter
Ex. To whom it may concern:

Show hours and mins
Ex. It is 3:14 p.m.

Separate a title and subtitle
Ex. The essay is titled “America: A Short Introduction to a Modern Country”.

Question 19

Punctuation: parentheses

Answer 19

Used for additional information:

To put labels for letters
ex. The rattlesnake (see image 2) is a dangerous snake of North and South America.

Series
Ex. Include in the email (1) your name, (2) your address, and (3) your question for the author.

Question 20

Punctuations: quotation marks

Answer 20

Used for direct quotations not indirect quotes

Direct quote: Nancy said, “ I am waiting for Henry to arrive.”
Indirect quote: Henry said that he is going to be late to the meeting.

Use single quotation marks to close off a quote inside a quote
Ex. The teacher asked, “Has everyone read ‘ The Gift of the Magi’?”

Quotation marks around titles of short works
Ex. “Rip Van Winkle” (short story by Washington Irving)
Ex. “O Captain! My Captain!” (Poem by Walt Whitman

To highlight irony or the use of words to mean something other than their dictionary definition
Ex. The boss warned frank that he was walking on “thin ice” —> not really walking on real ice. Being warned to avoid mistakes
Ex. The teacher thanked the young man for his “honesty”. —> the teacher does not believe the man’s explanation

Question 21

Punctuation: apostrophes

Answer 21

Used to show possession or the deletion of letters in contractions

Singular nouns: David’s car | a book’s theme | my brother’s board game

Plural nouns with -s : the scissors’ handle | boys’ Basketball. * nouns that already have an s*

Plural nouns without -s : Men’s department | the people’s adventure

Question 22

Punctuation:hyphens

Answer 22

To separate compound words
Ex. Compound numbers from 21 to 99 —> twenty-five
Ex. Written-out fractions —> three-fourths
Ex. Compound adjectives that come before a noun —> the well-fed dog took a nap.
Ex. Unusual compound words that are hard to read or easily confused with other words —> this is the best anti-itch cream on the market.

Question 23

Punctuation: dashes

Answer 23

To show a break or change in thought or to act as a parentheses in a sentence
don’t put a space before or after the dash

Ex. Set off parenthetical statements or an appositive with internal punctuation —> the three trees—oak,pine,and magnolia—are coming on a truck tomorrow.

Ex. Show a break or change in tone/thought —> the first question—how silly of me—does not have a correct answer.

Question 24

Punctuation: ellipsis marks

Answer 24

3 periods (…) to show when words have been removed
4 periods (….) to show that a full sentence or more is removes

Ex. “Then he picked up the groceries…paid for them…later he went home.”

Question 25

Punctuation: brackets

Answer 25

Two main reasons

Placing parentheses inside of parentheses
Ex. The hero of this story, Paul Revere (silversmith and industrialist [see Ch. 4]), rode through towns of Massachusetts to warn of advancing British troops.

Adding clarification or detail to a quotation that’s not part of a quotation
Ex. The father explained, “my Children are planning to attend my alma mater [state university].”

Question 26

Placement of punctuation in reference to quotations:

A. Periods and commas are put outside quotation marks; colons and semicolons go inside.
B. Periods and colons are put outside quotation marks; commas and semicolons go inside.
C. Periods and commas are put inside quotation marks; colons and semicolons go outside.
D. Periods and colons are put inside quotation marks; commas and semicolons go outside.

Answer 26

C

Question 27

Eight parts of speech : noun —> common/proper

Answer 27

Two main types:

Common: generic names for people,places, and things… not usually capitalized
Ex. People —> boy,girl, worker, manager
Ex. Places —> school, bank, library, home
Ex. Things —> dog,cat, truck, car

Proper noun: specific people,places, or things
Ex. People —> Abraham Lincoln, George Washington
Ex. Places —> Los Angeles, California ; New York ; Asia
Ex. Things —> Statue of Liberty, Earth, Lincoln memorial
* when referring to the planet we live on capitalize Earth, but if referred to the dirt,rock, or lean, lowercase earth*

Question 28

Eight parts of speech: nouns —> general/specific

Answer 28

General nouns: names of conditions or ideas
Ex. Condition: beauty,strength
Ex. Idea —> truth,peace

Specific nouns: name people, place, things that are understood by using your senses
Ex. People —> baby, friend, father
Ex. Places —> town, park, city hall
Ex. Things —> rainbow, cough, apple, silk, gasoline

Question 29

Eight parts of speech: noun —> collective nouns

Answer 29

Names for a group of people, places, or things that may act as a whole
Ex. Class, company, dozen, group, herd, team, and public
* we treat it as a single unit. It is not plural*

Incorrect: the choir are going to compete nationally this year.
Correct: the choir is going to compete nationally this year.

Incorrect: the members of the choir is competing nationally this year.
Correct: the members of the choir are competing nationally this year

Question 30

Eight parts of speech: nouns —> pronouns

Answer 30

Can be classified as personal, intensive, relative, interrogative, demonstrative. Indefinite, and reciprocal

Personal —> nominative is the case for nouns and pronouns that are subject of a sentence …. Objective is when pronouns/nouns are object in a sentence

Intensive: i myself, you yourself, he himself, she herself, the (thing) itself, we ourselves, you yourselves, them themselves

Relative: which, who, whom, whose

Interrogative: what which, who, whom, whose

Demonstrative: this, that, these, those

Indefinite: all, any, each, everyone, either/neither, one, some, several

Reciprocal: each other, one another

Question 31

Verbs —> transitive vs. intransitive

Answer 31

Transitive: whose action indicates a receiver
Ex. She plays the piano. | john joined the crowd.

Intransitive: do not indicate a receiver of an action. —> action of verb doesn’t point to a subject or object
Ex. He slept. | Sharon collapsed.

Question 32

Verbs: action vs. linking

Answer 32

Action verb shows action
Ex. He sings. | run! | go!| i talk with him everyday. | she reads.

Linking: link the subject to a noun or pronoun, or they link a subject w an adjective
Common linking verbs—-> appear, be, become, feel, grow, look, seem, smell, sound, and taste
Ex. Incorrect —> i am.
Ex. Correct —> I am john | that soup smells good. | Shirley felt tired.

Question 33

Verbs: passive voice vs active voice

Answer 33

Transitive verbs come in active or passive voice

Active —> when the subject is doing the action
Ex. John drew the picture. ( the subject john is doing the action of drawing a picture.)

Passive: the picture is drawn by john. ( the subject picture is receiving the action from john.)

Question 34

Verb tenses

Answer 34

Shows different form of a verb to point to time of an action

Present: the action happens at the current time
Ex. He walks to the store every morning

Past: the action happened in the past
Ex. He walked to the store an hour ago.

Future: action happening later
Ex. I will walk to the store tomorrow

Present perfect: the action started in the past and continues into the present or took place previously at an unspecified time
Ex. I have walked to the store three times today.

Past perfect: the second action happened in the past. The first action came before the second
Ex. Before i walked to the store (action 2), i had walked to the library (action 1)

Future perfect: an action that uses the past and the future. in other words, the action is complete before a future moment.
Ex. When she comes for the supples (future moment), i will have walked to the store (action completed before the future moment).

Question 35

Conjugating verbs

Answer 35

When you need to change the form of the verb

Question 36

Adjectives: articles —» indefinite/definite

Answer 36

Used to distinguish nouns as definite or indefinite

Definite: preceded by the article the and indicate a specific person,place, thing, or idea
Ex. I lost the bottle that belongs to me.

Indefinite: preceded by a or an and do not indicate a specific person, place, thing, or idea
Ex. Does anyone have a bottle to share.