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Neuro - Physiology 2: (PHY501) > Language > Flashcards

Language Flashcards

1
Q

What is language?

A

→ A system for representing and communicating information about the world using symbols and rules

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2
Q

What is formal language?

A

→ A finite system of signs and rules for combination

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3
Q

What is articulation?

A

→ Movement of the tongue, lips and jaw to modify a soundwave

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4
Q

What are the 3 places of articulation?

A

→Labial
→ Alveolar
→ Palatal

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5
Q

What are the two manners of articulation?

A

→ Voiced vs. unvoiced

→ Fricative or plosive

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6
Q

What is phonology?

A

→ The sound combinations from which the syllables and words of a language are built up

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7
Q

What is meaning?

A

→ The representation in long term memory of concepts and the relations between them

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8
Q

What is syntax?

A

→ The arrangement of words and phrases to create well formed sentences

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9
Q

What does syntax rely on?

A

→ Grammatical markers and word order

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10
Q

What is comprehension?

A

→ The ability to represent the meaning of words or sentences spoken or written by another person

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11
Q

What are the 4 things required for comprehension?

A

→ context
→ pitch
→ Stress
→ prosody

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12
Q

What is the cerebral organisation of language dependent on?

A

→ left hemisphere

→ language network

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13
Q

What region of the brain is involved in meaning?

A

→ anterior regions of the temporal lobe

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14
Q

What does Wernicke’s area do?

A

→ Decoding speech signals

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15
Q

What does the arcuate fasciculus do?

A

→ connects the anterior and posterior parts of the language network together

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16
Q

What parts of the brain does articulation and phonology depend on?

A

→ Inferior and opercular parts of the motor cortex

→ Anterior portion of Brocas area

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17
Q

Describe the temporal cortex?

A

→ Densely interconnected with widespread regions of association cortex

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18
Q

What area of the brain is syntax dependent on?

A

→ frontal areas (left inferior frontal gyrus)

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19
Q

What areas of the brain are involved in comprehension?

A 
→ Primary auditory cortex
→ temporal poles
→ left inferior frontal gyrus 
→ Arcuate fasciculus 
→ Left posterior superior temporal gyrus
20
Q

What are the 4 types of change in language after brain damage?

A

→ Broca’s aphasia
→ Wernicke’s aphasia
→ Conduction aphasia
→ Adynamic aphasia

21
Q

What is speech like in Broca’s aphasia?

A

→ halting
→ fragmented
→ distorted
→ agrammatic

22
Q

What is comprehension like in Broca’s aphasia?

A

→ Preserved for words

→ reduced for sentences

23
Q

What are typical pathologies that lead to Broca’s aphasia?

A

→ Middle cerebral artery infarction

→ Haemorrhagic stroke

24
Q

What is speech like in Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

→ fluent

→ meaningless phonological strings

25
Q

What is damaged in Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

→ Posterior regions of the language network

26
Q

What are the typical pathologies that lead to Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

→ Penetrating brain injuries

→ cerebral haemorrhage

27
Q

What is Wernicke’s aphasia also called?

A

→ Sensory or receptive aphasia

28
Q

What is speech like in conduction aphasia?

A

→ Mild fluency and comprehension difficulties

29
Q

What is the test for conduction aphasia?

A

→ single word and sentence repetition

30
Q

What is damaged in conduction aphasia?

A

→ Posterior perisylvian regions and underlying white matter

31
Q

What are the typical pathologies of conduction aphasia?

A

→ Lacunar stroke

32
Q

What is speech like in dynamic aphasia?

A

→ Reduced
→ fragmentary
→ echoic
→ perseverative

33
Q

What is dynamic aphasia?

A

→ Difficulty planning, initiating and maintaining speech

34
Q

What is the test for dynamic aphasia?

A

→ High vs. low constraint sentence completion

→ they find it difficult to complete open ended sentences

35
Q

What is damaged in dynamic aphasia?

A

→ anterior left inferior frontal gyrus

36
Q

What are the typical pathologies in dynamic aphasia?

A

→ left anterior cerebral artery infarction

37
Q

What is conduction aphasia?

A

→ Difficulty with repetition

38
Q

What is Broca’s aphasia?

A

→ Difficulty with articulation and phonology

39
Q

What are the 3 types of aphasia associated with neurodegeneration?

A

→ Non fluent progressive aphasia
→ Fluent progressive aphasia
→ Logopenic progressive aphasia

40
Q

What is speech like in nonfluent progressive aphasia?

A

→ Slow
→ distorted and agrammatic speech
→ phonological and grammatical errors in spontaneous speech
→ difficulty understanding sentences

41
Q

What is the typical pathology of nonfluent progressive aphasia?

A

→ Primary tauopathy

42
Q

What is speech like in fluent progressive aphasia?

A

→ Normal sounding speech rate
→ production empty of content
→ generic word and pronoun use
→ profound single word comprehension difficulties

43
Q

How does fluent progressive aphasia begin?

A

→ Subtle word finding changes

44
Q

Where and what is the pathology in fluent progressive aphasia?

A

→ Anterior temporal regions

→ TDP-43 proteinopathy

45
Q

What is speech like in logopenic progressive aphasia?

A

→ Poverty of speech output
→ occasional errors in syntax and phonology
→ poor sentence repetition

46
Q

Where and what is the pathology in logopenic progressive aphasia?

A

→ posterior perisylvian pathology

→ Alzheimers

Neuro - Physiology 2: (PHY501) (21 decks)

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