language Flashcards
Basal Ganglia function in language development
Phonological processing (sounds to words)
Putamen function in language development
Rhythm and speech sounds, semantic process facilitation
Caudate Nucleus
Syntax and working memory
Globus Pallidus in language development
conscious movement
Thalamus function of language in development
Phonetical and morphology and words
Visuospatial location, input and function
Occipital cortex
attention and recognition
speech input
Parietal location and function in language
Angular and supramarginal gyri
works with auditory, visual and motor inputs
Frontal/Temporal function in language
Coordinate motor function
Linking of words to from sentences
What is the definition of PHONEMES, PHONOLOGY, SYNTAX, SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS
Phonemes - smallest meaningful sounds and letters
Phonology - system organisation of sounds
Syntax - the combining of sounds into sequences/sentences
Semantics - meaning of words
Pragmatics - appropriate application of words (social context)
Describe the DEVELOPMENTAL PERCEPTION OF SOUND
27 weeks: the recognition of familial sounds (mothers sound)
1-2yrs: articulations of sounds - words
2-7yrs: segmentation and blending of word sounds
Describe the developmental process of COMPREHENSION AND SENTENCE FORMATION.
4-6 months: associating words with objects
9 months: assigning words to categories
12-14 months: evidence of adult-like semantic formation
UNDERSTANDING DEFINITION AND MEANING
associated with hippocampus and anterior temporal lobe
What is the dominant cortical hemisphere in language; what is the function of the other cortical hemisphere?
Left: DOMINANT
Right: role of coordination of language
Role of subcortex in language
Complex role autonomic processes
Explain the role and location of Bottom Up in comparison to Top Down processing.
Bottom Up: (Occipital and Parietal)
Is the response to external environment, constant updating responses. It is how we deal with the information presented.
- reading text or reception of spoken words-
Top Down: (Frontal and Temporal)
Is the internal response, perception and understanding. Is the feedback from the bottom up areas for response. Cognitive control during language - What we need to do with the information given.
- the comprehension of spoken words or text and the subsequent reaction to.
Explain the Age related development of Bottom Up and Top Down Processing.
Explain the Age related development of Bottom Up and Top Down processing.
Earliest Stage (Bottom Up): development of associated acoustic phonological features of phonemes
3 yrs (Bottom Up): bilateral temporal cortex activation
Children: Adult semantics and phonological features(7-9yrs) and the Top Down system is more efficient
Adolescence: Increase refinement of neural connectivity enhancing episodic and semantic memory
What is the name of the structure that connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas?
Arcuate Fasciculus
Explain the function of Broca’s Area and its location.
Inferior Frontal Gyrus
Is involved with the comprehension of written and spoke language and its articulation
Anterior Region: semantic processing
Posterior Region: phonological processing
Explain the function and location of Wernicke’s area.
Superior temporal gyrus
Comprehension of speech and involved in language production (words are recognised and assigned to their meanings).
Describe the Dorsal Pathway of language and speech processing.
Is involved in auditory motor integration
Premotor cortex and terminates around the inferior frontal gyrus
Tell us what to do with information provided
if it is a numerical input, will project superiorly to middle/superior frontal gyrus
Describe the Ventral Pathways of language and speech perception
Auditory comprehension
Middle temporal and anterior middle temporal gyrus
Processes semantic components
a) What is the total time for Bottom Up timescale? b) What pathway does it use? c) What age does Bottom Up Develop?
a) 300 ms
b) Ventral Pathway
c) 3yrs
a) What is total time for Top Down timescale? b) What pathway does it use? c) What age does Top Down develop?
a) 200ms
b) Dorsal Pathway
c) 6b - 6yrs
7 - 9yrs
8 - 10+ yrs
What is the total amount of time needed for Bottom Up and Top Down processing timescale?
500ms
What are the Bottom Up stages? List their timescales.
Remember: PMLLPP (200ms) 1. Phonological word form detection 2. Morpho-syntaxic categorisation 3. Lexical-syntaxic catagorisation 4. Lexcial access and retrieval 5. Phrase and structure reconstruction (100ms) 6a. Prosodic Processing
What are the Top Down timescale processes? List their time
Remember: PAA
6b. Prosodic Processing
7. Analysis of Semantic Relations
8. Analysis of Syntactic Relations
What are the subcortical regions involved in language processing?
Basal Ganglia
- phonological processing (phonemes –> words)
Putamen
- recognition of rhythm and semantic access facilitation
Globus Pallidus
- conscious movement working in concert with corticostriatal loops
Caudate Nucleus
- syntax and working memory
Thalamus
- phonological and morphology of words
Cortical Regions
Visuospatial
- recognition and attention to language (speech inputs)
Parietal
- angular and supramarginal gyri
- auditory, visual and motor response to inputs
Frontal
- coordinate motor function
- provide links to words to form sentences
Define Aphaisa and what side does it predominantly effect?
affects the restriction of comprehension and production of spoken language and written language
predominantly effects the left hemisphere
most commonly occurs due to stroke
Aphasia Recovery in Stoke: determining factors
Remember: LAE
Lesion - Size and location of lesion
Ability - Ability to spontaneous recovery
Early - Early and appropriate intervention/therapy to
reorganise neural connections
What is Broca’s Aphasia vs Wernicke’s Aphasia?
Broca’s Aphasia refers to one’s inability to be fluent nor repeat language but is able to comprehend language input.
Wernicke’s Aphasia refers to one’s fluency of the language but inability to comprehend or repeat specific language inputs.
Name the types of aphasia and list whether the association to fluency, comprehension, and repetition.
Anomic Aphasia:
fluent, comprehensive, repeat (deficit in recalling names)
Wernicke’s:
fluent, NO comprehension, NO repetition
Broca’s:
NO fluency, YES comprehension, YES repetition
Global Aphasia:
NO fluency, NO comprehension, NO repetition
Conduction Aphasia:
YES fluency, YES comprehension, NO repetition
Predictive factors in Stroke recovery:
- Rate of brain network reorganisation
- up regulation of cognitive mechanisms
Speech disorders
Dysarthia & Apraxia = difficulty planning and executing motor functions (difficulty producing speech)
What is the functional deficit of Dyslexia?
decrease phonological awareness and semantic processing/confusion
