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anat3022 > language > Flashcards

language Flashcards

1
Q

Basal Ganglia function in language development

A

Phonological processing (sounds to words)

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2
Q

Putamen function in language development

A

Rhythm and speech sounds, semantic process facilitation

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3
Q

Caudate Nucleus

A

Syntax and working memory

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4
Q

Globus Pallidus in language development

A

conscious movement

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5
Q

Thalamus function of language in development

A

Phonetical and morphology and words

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6
Q

Visuospatial location, input and function

A

Occipital cortex
attention and recognition
speech input

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7
Q

Parietal location and function in language

A

Angular and supramarginal gyri

works with auditory, visual and motor inputs

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8
Q

Frontal/Temporal function in language

A

Coordinate motor function

Linking of words to from sentences

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9
Q

What is the definition of PHONEMES, PHONOLOGY, SYNTAX, SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS

A

Phonemes - smallest meaningful sounds and letters
Phonology - system organisation of sounds
Syntax - the combining of sounds into sequences/sentences
Semantics - meaning of words
Pragmatics - appropriate application of words (social context)

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10
Q

Describe the DEVELOPMENTAL PERCEPTION OF SOUND

A

27 weeks: the recognition of familial sounds (mothers sound)

1-2yrs: articulations of sounds - words

2-7yrs: segmentation and blending of word sounds

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11
Q

Describe the developmental process of COMPREHENSION AND SENTENCE FORMATION.

A

4-6 months: associating words with objects

9 months: assigning words to categories

12-14 months: evidence of adult-like semantic formation

UNDERSTANDING DEFINITION AND MEANING
associated with hippocampus and anterior temporal lobe

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12
Q

What is the dominant cortical hemisphere in language; what is the function of the other cortical hemisphere?

A

Left: DOMINANT
Right: role of coordination of language

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13
Q

Role of subcortex in language

A

Complex role autonomic processes

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14
Q

Explain the role and location of Bottom Up in comparison to Top Down processing.

A

Bottom Up: (Occipital and Parietal)
Is the response to external environment, constant updating responses. It is how we deal with the information presented.
- reading text or reception of spoken words-

Top Down: (Frontal and Temporal)
Is the internal response, perception and understanding. Is the feedback from the bottom up areas for response. Cognitive control during language - What we need to do with the information given.
- the comprehension of spoken words or text and the subsequent reaction to.

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15
Q

Explain the Age related development of Bottom Up and Top Down Processing.

A
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16
Q

Explain the Age related development of Bottom Up and Top Down processing.

A

Earliest Stage (Bottom Up): development of associated acoustic phonological features of phonemes

3 yrs (Bottom Up): bilateral temporal cortex activation

Children: Adult semantics and phonological features(7-9yrs) and the Top Down system is more efficient

Adolescence: Increase refinement of neural connectivity enhancing episodic and semantic memory

17
Q

What is the name of the structure that connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas?

A

Arcuate Fasciculus

18
Q

Explain the function of Broca’s Area and its location.

A

Inferior Frontal Gyrus

Is involved with the comprehension of written and spoke language and its articulation

Anterior Region: semantic processing
Posterior Region: phonological processing

19
Q

Explain the function and location of Wernicke’s area.

A

Superior temporal gyrus

Comprehension of speech and involved in language production (words are recognised and assigned to their meanings).

20
Q

Describe the Dorsal Pathway of language and speech processing.

A

Is involved in auditory motor integration

Premotor cortex and terminates around the inferior frontal gyrus

Tell us what to do with information provided

if it is a numerical input, will project superiorly to middle/superior frontal gyrus

21
Q

Describe the Ventral Pathways of language and speech perception

A

Auditory comprehension

Middle temporal and anterior middle temporal gyrus

Processes semantic components

22
Q

a) What is the total time for Bottom Up timescale? b) What pathway does it use? c) What age does Bottom Up Develop?

A

a) 300 ms
b) Ventral Pathway
c) 3yrs

23
Q

a) What is total time for Top Down timescale? b) What pathway does it use? c) What age does Top Down develop?

A

a) 200ms
b) Dorsal Pathway
c) 6b - 6yrs
7 - 9yrs
8 - 10+ yrs

24
Q

What is the total amount of time needed for Bottom Up and Top Down processing timescale?

A

500ms

25
Q

What are the Bottom Up stages? List their timescales.

A 
Remember: PMLLPP
(200ms)
1. Phonological word form detection
2. Morpho-syntaxic categorisation
3. Lexical-syntaxic catagorisation
4. Lexcial access and retrieval
5. Phrase and structure reconstruction
(100ms)
6a. Prosodic Processing
26
Q

What are the Top Down timescale processes? List their time

A

Remember: PAA

6b. Prosodic Processing
7. Analysis of Semantic Relations
8. Analysis of Syntactic Relations

27
Q

What are the subcortical regions involved in language processing?

A

Basal Ganglia
- phonological processing (phonemes –> words)

Putamen
- recognition of rhythm and semantic access facilitation

Globus Pallidus
- conscious movement working in concert with corticostriatal loops

Caudate Nucleus
- syntax and working memory

Thalamus
- phonological and morphology of words

28
Q

Cortical Regions

A

Visuospatial
- recognition and attention to language (speech inputs)

Parietal

  • angular and supramarginal gyri
  • auditory, visual and motor response to inputs

Frontal

  • coordinate motor function
  • provide links to words to form sentences
29
Q

Define Aphaisa and what side does it predominantly effect?

A

affects the restriction of comprehension and production of spoken language and written language

predominantly effects the left hemisphere

most commonly occurs due to stroke

30
Q

Aphasia Recovery in Stoke: determining factors

A

Remember: LAE

Lesion - Size and location of lesion

Ability - Ability to spontaneous recovery

Early - Early and appropriate intervention/therapy to
reorganise neural connections

31
Q

What is Broca’s Aphasia vs Wernicke’s Aphasia?

A

Broca’s Aphasia refers to one’s inability to be fluent nor repeat language but is able to comprehend language input.

Wernicke’s Aphasia refers to one’s fluency of the language but inability to comprehend or repeat specific language inputs.

32
Q

Name the types of aphasia and list whether the association to fluency, comprehension, and repetition.

A

Anomic Aphasia:
fluent, comprehensive, repeat (deficit in recalling names)

Wernicke’s:
fluent, NO comprehension, NO repetition

Broca’s:
NO fluency, YES comprehension, YES repetition

Global Aphasia:
NO fluency, NO comprehension, NO repetition

Conduction Aphasia:
YES fluency, YES comprehension, NO repetition

33
Q

Predictive factors in Stroke recovery:

A
  • Rate of brain network reorganisation

- up regulation of cognitive mechanisms

34
Q

Speech disorders

A

Dysarthia & Apraxia = difficulty planning and executing motor functions (difficulty producing speech)

35
Q

What is the functional deficit of Dyslexia?

A

decrease phonological awareness and semantic processing/confusion

anat3022 (6 decks)

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