Lange Review Flashcards
Name the largest artery in the body
Aorta
The abdominal aorta bifurcates at what level
L4
Name the 2 arteries the aorta bifurcates into
Right and left common iliac arteries
Name the first visceral branch of the abdominal aorta
Celiac axis
What are the 3 branches of the celiac axis
1) common hepatic artery
2) left gastric artery
3) splenic artery
What artery follows a tortuous horizontal course along the posterosuperior margin of the pancreatic body
Splenic artery
What artery arises from the anterior border of the abdominal aorta about 1 cm inferior to the celiac trunk
SMA
The SMA is _____ to the body of the pancreas
Posterior
The right renal artery courses______ to the IVC
Posteriorly
These arteries are small vessels that arise off the anterior border of the aorta and inferior to the renal arteries
Gonadal arteries
What artery is a small artery that arises off the anterior aspect of the abdominal aorta and is slightly left of midline
IMA
Name the arterial disease in which the vessel wall loses its elasticity and becomes hardened
Arteriosclerosis
What is the most common cause of aneurysms
Arteriosclerosis
How is the aorta measured
Outer border to outer border
Name the 3 types of aneurysms
1) true
2) dissecting
3) pseudo (false)
Which aneurysm has dilation of all 3 layers of the vessel wall
True
Name the 3 types of true aneurysms
1) fusiform
2) saccular
3) berry
What type of true aneurysm is the most common type and is characterized by an elongated spindle shaped dilatation of the artery
Fusiform
What type of true aneurysm is characterized by a focal outpouching of the vessel wall primarily caused by trauma or infection
Saccular
What type of aneurysm occurs when there is a tear of the intima layer of the vessel wall causing blood to collect between the intima layer and the media layer
Dissecting aneurysm
What type of aneurysm results from a tear in the vessel wall that permits blood to escape into the surrounding tissue
Pseudo aneurysm
The IVC carries deoxygenated blood into the ______ atrium of the heart
A) right
B) left
A) right
The right renal vein is located where in relation to the right renal artery
Anterior
What vein courses anterior to the aorta and posterior to the SMA
Left renal vein
Where does the right gonadal vein empty directly into
IVC
Where does the left gonadal vein empty and drain into
Empties unit left renal vein and drains into the IVC
What is the most common tumor that involves the IVC
Renal cell carcinoma
What is the sequence of echogenicity of abdominal structures from hyperechoic to hypoechoic
1) renal sinus
2) pancreas
3) liver
4) spleen
5) renal cortex
Which portion of the liver receives both right and left portal branches
Caudate lobe also drains directly into the IVC via the emissary veins
What vein divides the liver into right and left lobes
Middle hepatic vein
What vein divides the right lobe of the liver into anterior and posterior segments
Right hepatic vein
What vein divides the left of the liver into medial and lateral segments
Left hepatic vein
The ______ ______ is a remnant of the fetal ductus venosus
Ligamentum venosum
What divides the caudate lobe from the left lobe
Ligamentum venosum
This is a remnant of the fetal umbilical vein
Ligamentum teres
This courses within the left intersegmental fissure dividing the left lobe into medial and lateral segments
Ligamentum teres
Sonographically this is seen as a round hyperechoic area in the left lobe of the liver
Falciform ligament
This separates the right and left lobes of the liver . Seen as an echogenic linear line extending from the portal vein to the neck of the GB
Main lobar fissure
The majority of the total blood supplied to the liver is from what
The main portal vein
This drains deoxygenated blood into the IVC
Hepatic veins
What are nonpulsatile increase in size and course superiorly toward the IVC
Hepatic veins
What vein is formed posterior to the pancreatic neck by confluence of the splenic vein and SMV
Portal vein
What 3 things does the portal triad contain
1) portal vein
2) hepatic artery
3) bile duct
What is the CBD formed by
Formed by the confluence of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct
AST is formerly known as
SGOT
What liver function test is increased with hepatocellular disease and is useful in detecting acute hepatitis
AST
ALT is formerly known as
SGPT
What liver function test is increased with hepatocellular disease and is used to assess jaundice
ALT
What liver function test is normally found in serum and it’s level rises in liver and biliary tract disorders while bile excretion is impaired
ALP
Which liver function test is produced by the fetal liver and yolk sac, GI tract, scrotal and heptocellular germ cell neoplasms and other cancers in adults
AFP
This is elevated when there is an obstruction of the biliary system
Direct bilirubin (conjugated)
Excessive destruction of red blood cells/hemolysis associated with anemias and liver disease
Indirect bilirubin (unconjugated)
Obstructive jaundice is an example of
A) direct bilirubin
B) indirect bilirubin
A) direct bilirubin
An enlarged left and caudate lobe, increased liver echogenicity with decrease through transmission and decrease visualization of vessel walls describes
Fatty liver
Hypoechoic liver parenchyma, increased echogenicity if portal vein walls and thickened GB wall describes
Acute viral hepatitis
What is the most common type of glycogen storage disease
Von Gierke disease
What is the most common cause of cirrhosis
Alcohol abuse
-Formation of collateral venous channels
-splenomegaly
-GI tract bleeding
-Ascites
Are all clinical findings of what
Portal hypertension
-dilation of portal vein
-dilation of SMV
- formation of collaterals
-varies
-reversed blood flow
-splenomegaly
-recanalization of the umbilical vein
Are all sonographic findings of
Portal hypertension
Thrombosis, invasion of the portal vein by a tumor describes
Portal vein obstruction
-nonvisualization of the portal vein
-echoes within the portal vein
-dilation of the splenic and SMV
Are all sonographic findings of
Portal vein obstruction
Obstruction of the hepatic veins caused by thrombosis or compression of a liver mass describes
Budd-Chiari Syndrome
-reduced or no visualization of the hepatic veins
-hepatic vein proximal to the obstruction may be dilated
-large and hypoechoic caudate lobe
-ascites
-abnormal Doppler blood flow
All are sono findings of
Budd-Chiari syndrome
What is another name for echinococcal cyst
Hydatid cyst
Solitary cysts which may have thick or calcified walls, mother daughter cysts,honeycomb appearance or solid in appearance describes
Echinococcal cysts
This is usually found in the right lobe, solitary, variable in size, anechoic to echogenic or complex may have calcifications or shadowing from gas describes
Abscess or pyogenic cyst
Hepatomegaly, fatty infiltrations, focal lesions. Wheel within a wheel becomes more hypoechoic describes
Fungal infection- candidiasis
Varies depending on age- mostly cystic (fresh blood) echogenic, mixed appearance, irregular shape describes
Hematoma
What is the most common benign solid tumor in the liver
Cavernous hemangioma
This is usually asymptomatic, more prevalent in women
-normal LFTs
-usually small, round in the right lobe, homogenous with increased through transmission
Cavernous hemangioma
Usually asymptomatic, increased incidence in women on oral contraceptives
-normal LFTS
-usually echogenic, found in the right lobe, similar in appearance as adenomas or hepatomas
Focal nodular hyperplasia
Usually asymptomatic, or as a palpable mass, increased incidence in women on oral contraceptives or men on steroids
-normal LFTs
-most often found in the right lobe, hyperechoic may have areas of hemorrhage
Liver cell adenoma
What malignant liver tumor is usually found during infancy or childhood
Heptoblastoma
-abdominal enlargement, hepatomegaly, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, precocious puberty
-abnormal LFTs and elevated AFP
All describe what malignant liver tumor
Hepatoblastoma
What are the 3 primary sites for metastatic lesions
1) GI tract
2) Breast
3) Lungs
-LFTs usually abnormal, increase in total bilirubin, ALP
-hyperechoic, hypoechoic, complex, target lesions, anechoic
Metastatic lesions
The neck of the gallbladder tapers to form
The cystic duct
Where is the spiral valves of Heister located
In the cystic duct
The right and left hepatic ducts join to form the
Common hepatic duct
What is the function of the common hepatic duct
Transport bile to the gallbladder
The cystic duct unites with the ______ to transport concentrated bile to the second portion of the duodenum
CBD
What are the 3 main functions of the gallbladder
1) concentrate bile
2) store the concentrated bile
3) transport bile to the duodenum
What is the most common variant of the GB
Junctional fold
A fold or kinking located on the posterior GB wall between the body and neck describes
Junctional fold
A fold located in the fundal portion of the GB is called
Phrygian cap
A small sac located between the junctional fold and the neck of the GB describes
Harrimanns pouch
-prolonged fasting
-intravenous hyperalimentation
-cystic obstruction
-obstruction of the common bile duct
All are causes of
Large GB (hydrops)
A large GB caused by obstruction at the distal portion of the CBD is called
Courvoisier GB
-intrahepatic biliary obstruction, chronic cholecystitis, liver disease, and congenital hypoplasia are all causes of
Small GB
Low level non shadowing echoes in the dependent portion of the GB that moved with a change in patient position is
Sludge
-gas in the duodenum
-surgical clips from post-cholecystectomy
-valves of Heister and folds in the GB are structures that can mimic
Gallstones
These are not gravity dependent and do not move with changing patient position
Polyps
Hyperplastic changes in the GB wall describe
Adenomyomatosis
What refers to a common hepatic duct obstruction caused by a stone in the cystic duct with a normal CBD
Mirizzi Syndrome
Inflammation of the GB wall with decreased GB function caused by an obstruction at the level of the cystic duct, bacterial infection in the biliary system, or pancreatic enzyme reflux all describe
Acute cholecystitis
- diffuse wall thickening
-gallstones - halo sign
-cystic artery along the anterior GB wall - sludge
-pericholecystic fluid
Are all sonographic findings of
Acute cholecystitis
Pus in the GB is called
Empyema
Rare occurrence caused by a gas forming bacteria in the wall of the GB describes
Emphysematous Cholecystitis
Patients with cholecystitis that do not have gallstones describes
Acalculous cholecystitis
What is the most common cause of symptomatic GB disease and is associated with gallstones in 90% of cases
Chronic cholecystitis
Sono appearance of a small or normal sized GB, gallstones, sludge, and thickened echogenic GB wall with elevated AST, ALT, ALP and direct serum bilirubin describes
Chronic cholecystitis
Intramural calcification of the gallbladder wall which occurs in association with chronic cholecystitis is known as
Porcelain gallbladder
What is the most common benign gallbladder tumor
Adenoma
Small echo-densities attached to the gallbladder wall by a stalk that do not shadow or move to the dependent portion of the gallbladder describes
A polyp
What type of cancer is the most common malignant cause to obstruct the biliary tree
Pancreatic
What is the most common cause of acute pyelonephritis
A) hypertension
B) E. coli
C) Klebsiella
D) hydro
E) enterococcus faecalis
B) E. coli
The GDA is a branch of which of the following
A) aorta
B) celiac axis
C) common hepatic artery
D) left gastric artery
E) duodenal artery
C) common hepatic artery
Which of the following can cause anterior displacement of the splenic vein
A) pancreatitis
B) pseudocysts
C) left adrenal hyperplasia
D) aneurysm
E) IVC thrombi
C) left adrenal hyperplasia
When accessory spleens are present, where are they usually located
A) at the superior margin of the spleen
B) on the posterior aspect of the spleen
C) near the kidney
D) near the splenic hilum
E) near the left diaphragm
D) near the hilum of the spleen
The IVC forms at the confluence of which of the following vessels
A) right and left carotid veins
B) right and left common iliac veins
C) right and left lumbar veins
D) right and left renal veins
E) right and left common iliac arteries
B) right and left common iliac veins
The right and left hepatic ducts unite to form the
Common hepatic duct
What is the most common fatal liver disorder in children in the United States
Biliary atresia
A genetic trait characterized by a segmental saccular dilatation of the intrahepatic ducts describes
Caroli disease
What is characterized as a cystic dilatation and out-pouching of the common duct wall
Choledochal cyst
Sonographically what presents as a solid mass at the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts and there is intrahepatic duct dilatation without extrahepatic duct dilatation
Klatskin tumor
A GB sonographic exam is performed and a small GB with intrahepatic dilatation is seen. This maybe indicate that the level of obstruction is at the left of which of the following
A) neck of the GB
B) CBD
C) cystic duct
D) common hepatic duct
E) none of the above
D) common hepatic duct
What is the max inner diameter of the main pancreatic duct in young adults
A) 10 mm
B) 5 mm
C) 2 cm
D) 3 mm
E) 2 mm
E) 2 mm
A patient in the late stages of sickle cell anemia will have a spleen that is which of the following
A) enlarged and lobulated
B) enlarged and echogenic
C) small and hypoechoic
D) small and echogenic
E) atrophic and isoechoic
D) small and echogenic
In a patient with acute hepatitis, what is the appearance of the liver parenchyma Sonographically
A) hypoechoic
B) echogenic
C) complex
D) normal
E) anechoic
D) normal
What portion of the pancreas is located anterior to the IVC and right renal vein
Head
What vein is imaged posterior to the SMA and anterior to the aorta
Left renal vein
Another name for the main pancreatic duct is
Wirsungs duct
Another name for the accessory duct is the
Santorini duct
The exocrine function of the pancreas is to secrete
1) amylase
2) lipase
3) trypsin
What is the most common complication associated with acute pancreatitis
Pancreatic pseudocyst
What is the most common malignant tumor of the pancreas
Adenocarcinoma
What malignant tumor of the pancreas is visualized Sonographically as an irregular cystic lobulated mass with thick walls and is more commonly seen in the body or tail
Cystadenocarcinoma
The spleen is located in what region
Left hypochondriac
What organ in the body is the main component of the reticuloendothelial system
Spleen
The spleen is crescent shaped with a _____ superior lateral border and ______ medially
Convex, concave
Where is a wandering spleen usually located
In the pelvis
What is the landmark for the posterolateral border of the thyroid
A) trachea
B) esophagus
C) strap muscle
D) common carotid artery
E) super thyroid artery
D) common carotid artery
Acute hydroceles may be caused by all of the following except
A) infarction
B) tumor
C) testicular torsion
D) trauma
E) infection of the testis or epididymis
C) testicular torsion
If a mass in the area of the pancreatic head is found, what other structure should be examined sonographically
A) liver
B) IVC
C) spleen
D) kidney
E) bowel
A) Liver
The ligament of venosum separates which 2 lobes of the liver
A) right and left lobes
B) medial portion of the left lone and the lateral portion of the left lobe
C) caudate lobe and left lobe of liver
D) anterior portion of the right lobe and posterior portion of the right lobe
E) quadrate love and left lobe of the liver
C) caudate lobe and left lobe of liver
Which of the following is not a retroperutoneal structure
A) kidney
B) pancreas
C) aorta
D) spleen
E) psoas muscle
D) spleen
Which of the following statements is true about the portal vein
A) it is formed formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and cystic duct
B) it is only imaged sonographically when there is liver pathology
C) it is formed by the union of the splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein
D) is it very pulsatile
E) it is common place for stones to form
C) it is formed by the union of the splenic vein and SMV
Identify the lab value that is specific for a hepatoma of the liver
A) ALP
B) AFP
C) serum amylase
D) bilirubin
E) serum albumin
B) AFP
Identify the part of the pancreas that lies anterior to the IVC and posterior to the SMV
A) head
B) neck
C) body
D) uncinate process
E) tail
D) uncinate process
In a dissecting aneurysm, the dissection is through which of the following
A) adventitia
B) media
C) intima
D) all 3 layers
E) lumen
C) intima
What part of the kidney contains fat, calyces, infundibula, renal pelvis, connective tissue, renal vessels, and lymphatics
Renal sinus
What portion of the kidney is where blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and the ureter enter or exit the renal sinus
Renal hilum
What lab value is elevated with renal dysfunction
Serum creatinine
What lab value is elevated when there is acute or chronic renal disease or urinary obstruction.
BUN
What occurs when the kidney fails to ascend out of the pelvis
Pelvic kidney
What kidney disease presents as bilateral echogenic enlarged kidneys with cysts
Infantile polycystic kidney disease
What are 2 other names for infantile polycystic kidney disease
1) autosomal recessive polycystic disease
2) potter type 1
What is another name for adult polycystic kidney disease
Potter type 2
What kidney disease presents as bilateral large kidneys with randomly distributed cortical cysts of various sizes
Adult polycystic kidney disease
An RI of less than _____ will diagnosis renal obstruction
0.70
The “twinkle sign” is a color artifact that has been seen with
Urinary stones
What is the most common cause of acute renal failure
Acute tubular necrosis
Where is a transplanted kidney placed
Within the iliac fossa
What is the most serious sign of transplant rejection
Renal failure
A kidney that appears as an enlarged kidney with increased cortical echogenicity, decreased renal sinus echogenicity, irregular sonolucent areas in the cortex, enlarged and decreased echogenicity of the pyramids, distortion of the renal outline, and indistinct corticomedullary junction describes
Acute renal rejection
What is another name for prune belly syndrome
Eagle Barrett syndrome
A cystic dilatation of the distal portion of the ureter with narrowing of the ureteric orifice describes
Ureterocele
Adrenalcortical hyper function is another name for
Cushing syndrome
Hyperalrosteronism is another name for
Conns syndrome
Adrenocortical hypofunction is another name for
Addisons disease
An increase in aldosterone producing sodium retention describes
Conns syndrome
Decreased hormonal production causing hypotension, malaise, weight loss, changes in skin pigmentation, loss of body hair describes
Addison disease
Right adrenal pathology will displace the IVC
A) anterior
B) posterior
A) anterior
Right adrenal pathology will displace the right renal vein
A) anterior
B) posterior
A) anterior
Right adrenal pathology will displace the right kidney
A) anterior
B) posterior
B) posterior
Left adrenal pathology will displace the splenic vein
A) anterior
B) posterior
A) anterior
Left adrenal pathology will displace the left kidney
A) anterior
B) posterior
B) posterior
What produces steroid hormones
Adrenal cortex
The adrenal cortical hormones are regulated by what
ACTH
Name 2 things the adrenal medulla produces
1) epinephrine (adrenaline)
2) norepinephrine
______ dilates the coronary vessels and constricts the skin and kidney vessels
Epinephrine
______ constricts all arterial vessels except the coronary arteries (which dilate)
Norepinephrine
The narrowest portion of th colon is
The sigmoid
The _______ space is between the liver (or spleen) and the diaphragm and is a common site for abscess
Subphrenic
The ______ crus can be visualized anterior to the aorta above the level of the celiac artery
Left
The _____ crus is visualized posterior to the caudate lobe and IVC
Right
Where can a patent umbilical vein be found
A) ligamentum venosum
B) main lobar fissure
C) ligamentum teres
D) intersegmental ligament
E) gallbladder fossa
C) ligamentum teres
Dilatation of the intrahepatic biliary ducts without dilatation of the extrahepatic ducts may be caused by all of the following except
A) klatskin tumor
B) enlarged portal lymph nodes
C) cholangiocarcinoma
D) pancreatic carcinoma
D) pancreatic carcinoma
What is a cause of a small gallbladder
A) prolonged fasting
B) insulin dependent diabetes
C) hydrops
D) ascites
E) chronic cholecystitis
E) chronic cholecystitis
What is hydrops of the gallbladder
A) small contracted gallbladder
B) gallbladder with a thickened wall
C) thick walled gallbladder filled with stones
D) congenital duplication of the gallbladder
E) enlarged gallbladder
E) an enlarged gallbladder
The majority of primary retroperitoneal tumors are malignant. Which of the following is an example of a primary retroperitoneal tumor
A) hepatoma
B) hypernephroma
C) leiomyosarcoma
D) adenocarcinoma
E) hematoma
C) leiomyosarcoma
In comparison to the normal echotexture in adults, the pancreas in children will be relatively
A) more echogenic
B) less echogenic
C) the same
D) larger and less echogenic
E) complex
D) larger and less echogenic
What is the largest major visceral branch of the IVC
A) portal vein
B) hepatic veins
C) renal veins
D) IMV
E) gonadal veins
B) hepatic veins
What are the normal measurements of the thyroid gland
A) 3-4 cm in AP and length dimensions
B) 2-3 cm in AP and 4-6 cm in length
C) 1-2 cm in AP and 4-6 in length
D) 3-5 cm in AP and 6-8 cm in length
E) 4-6 cm in AP and 8-10 cm in length
C) 1-2 cm in AP and 4-6 in length
Ascites can be caused by all of the following except
A) malignancy
B) nephritic syndrome
C) congestive heart failure
D) tuberculosis
E) adenomyomatosis
E) Adenomyomatosis
What is the best way to delineate a dissecting aneurysm on sonography
A) begin scanning in the transverse section and document serial scans
B) show an intimal flap pulsating with the flow of blood
C) scan the patient in a decubitus position to document the aorta and IVC simultaneously
D) document the renal arteries
E) have the patient perform a Valsalva maneuver to dilate the aorta
B) show an intimal flap pulsating with the flow of blood
Which of the following is not a remnant of the fetal circulation
A) ligamentum teres
B) ligamentum venosum
C) Falciform ligament
D) coronary ligament
D) coronary ligament
A 44 year old patient presents with painless jaundice and a palpable RUQ mass which is most characteristic of which of the following
A) acute hepatitis
B) cirrhosis
C) porcelain GB
D) courvoisiers GB
E) Klatskin tumor
D) courvoisiers GB
What is the lesser sac located between
A) pancreas and IVC
B) stomach and pancreas
C) abdominal wall and stomach
D) liver and right kidney
E) stomach and spleen
B) stomach and pancreas
Abscesses are most often associated with
Cholangitis
Subhepatic abscess are associated with
Cholecystectomy
What type of abscess is associated with bacterial spill into the peritoneum during surgical procedure, bowel rupture, peptic ulcer perforation, and trauma
Subphrenic
A variable, complex, solid cystic lesion with septa, debris, and scattered echoes describes an
Abscess
What type of abscess is located within the liver parenchyma
Intrahepatic
What type of abscess is located inferior to the liver, fluid collection anterior to the right kidney, and gallbladder fossa
Subhepatic
What type of abscess is located superior to the liver and inferior to the diaphragm
Subphrenic
What does the anterior perirenal space contain
Retroperitoneal portion of the intestines and pancreas
Name 6 things the perineal space contains
1) kidneys
2) ureters
3) adrenal glands
4) aorta
5) IVC
6) retroperitoneal nodes
Name 3 things the posterior perirenal space contains
1) posterior abdominal wall
2) iliopsoas muscle
3) quadratic muscle
Name the 6 primary retroperitoneal tumors
1) liposarcoma
2) fibrosarcoma
3) rhabdomyosarcoma
4) leiomyosarcoma
5) teratoma
6) neurogenic tumors
Para-aortic nodes may displace the celiac axis and SMA _____
Anteriorly
What is calcification of the gallbladder wall called
A) cholesterolosis
B) courvoisiers gallbladder
C) hydronic gallbladder
D) porcelain gallbladder
D) porcelain gallbladder
A 60 year old man presents with an abdominal pulsatile mass and high blood pressure. What is this most characteristic of
A) an aneurysm
B) mesenteric cysts
C) gallstones
D) budd chiari syndrome
E) portal hypertension
A) aneurysm
Identify the vessel that may be imaged posterior to the IVC
A) right renal vein
B) right renal artery
C) left renal vein
D) left renal artery
E) no vessels course posterior to the IVC
B) right renal artery
The retroperitoneal space is defined as the area between which of the following
A) posterior portion of the parietal peritoneum and the posterior abdominal wall muscles
B) anterior portion of the parietal peritoneum and the posterior abdominal wall muscles
C) anterior portion of the parietal peritoneum and the posterior portion of the parietal peritoneum
D) anterior abdominal wall and the posterior parietal peritoneum
A) posterior portion of the parietal peritoneum and the posterior abdominal wall muscles
An abdominal sonogram is performed and there is a suggestion of a mass in the head of the pancreas. Identify the other structures that should be evaluated
A) the biliary system and GB to evaluate biliary obstruction
B) the hepatic artery and splenic artery to document dilatation
C) the kidney to evaluate renal obstruction
D) liver to evaluate focal masses
E) spleen to document size
A) the biliary system and GB to evaluate biliary obstruction
Lymph nodes may be confused sonographically with all of the following except
A) abdominal aortic aneurysm
B) chronic pancreatitis
C) crus of the diaphragm
D) bowel
B) chronic pancreatitis
An abdominal sonogram is performed on a 35 year old man with a history of primary cancer of the liver who now presents with abdominal pain and increasing abdominal girth. What is this most consistent with
A) cholecystitis
B) pancreatitis
C) portal hypertension
D) budd chiari syndrome
E) renal failure
D) budd chiari syndrome
During an abdominal sonogram, recanalization of the umbilical vein is identified. What could this be associated with
A) ascites
B) an abscess
C) a hematoma
D) hepatoma
E) portal hypertension
E) portal hypertension
Islet cell tumors of the pancreas are most likely to be located in which portion of the pancreas
A) head and neck
B) neck and tail
C) uncinate process
D) body and tail
E) head and body
D) body and tail
A normal functioning transplanted kidney will appear sonographically as which of the following
A) more echogenic than a normal kidney
B) with a thin renal cortex and prominent medullary pyramids
C) the same as a normal kidney
D) twice the size of a normal kidney
E) with the renal sinus and renal cortex being isoechoic
C) the same as a normal kidney
When performing a gallbladder exam, why is the patient asked to be NPO for approx 6 hours before the exam
A) to eliminate any overlying bowel gas
B) to make the patient more cooperative
C) to bring out dehydration which will make the patient easier to scan
D) causes bile to collect in the gallbladder
E) causes the bile ducts to dilate
D) causes bile to collect in the gallbladder
What do Klatskin tumors cause
A) dilatation of the intrahepatic ducts
B) dilatation of the extrahepatic ducts
C) gallstones
D) pancreatitis
E) porcelain gallbladder
A) dilatation of the intrahepatic ducts
Which if the following is not located in the peritoneal cavity
A) gallbladder
B) liver
C) spleen
D) pancreas
E) hepatic veins
D) pancreas
Artifactual echoes may occur within cysts owing to each of the following except
A) slice thickness
B) side lobe
C) edge
D) reverb
C) edge
In which of the following ways does ascites sonographically affect the liver
A) there will be no effect
B) the liver will appear more echogenic
C) the assured will attenuate the liver resulting in decreased echoes
D) the ascites will cause the liver to appear inhomogenous
B) the liver will appear more echogenic
Which of the following is a representative of a post trauma fluid collection located between the diaphragm and the spleen
A) ascites
B) pleural effusion
C) a subcapsular hematoma
D) a Subphrenic abscess
E) retroperitoneal fibrosis
D) a Subphrenic abscess
Which of the following can be displaced by a retroperitoneal sarcoma
A) kidney posterior
B) spleen anterior
C) pancreas posterior
D) diaphragm inferior
E) aorta posterior
B) spleen anterior
The causes of a large gallbladder include all of the following except
A) Adenomyomatosis
B) pancreatic carcinoma
C) diabetes mellitus
D) fasting patient
Eh common duct obstruction
A) Adenomyomatosis
All of the following are associated with cirrhosis except
A) ascites
B) splenomegaly
C) jaundice
D) hepatomegaly
E) collateral vessel development
D) hepatomegaly
What lies posterior to the IVC
Right renal artery
The _____ is a central branch of the aorta
SMA
The common bile duct is formed by which of the following
A) right and left hepatic ducts joining the cystic duct
B) cystic duct joining the right hepatic duct
C) common duct joining the cystic duct
D) common duct joining the neck of the gallbladder
E) common duct joining the pancreatic duct
C) common duct joining the cystic duct
