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Social Science 2014 > Landscapes/Landforms Geography Revision > Flashcards

Landscapes/Landforms Geography Revision Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a physical/natural feature?

A

A physical feature is something which has been made naturally, or something that is not created by humans.

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2
Q

What is a cultural feature?

Give some examples.

A 
A cultural feature is something that has been created by humans or modified for use.
For example: 
towns
cities
houses
bridges, roads
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3
Q

What are the four visible features of a landscape?

A

The four visible features of a landscape are relief, climate, soils and vegetation.

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4
Q

Define relief.

A

Relief is:

  • the elevation of something above sea level at 0 degrees
  • the height and shape of the land
  • the processes that have formed the land over geological time.

Some examples are hills, mountains etc.

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5
Q

Define climate.

A

Climate is the average atmospheric conditions over a long period of time.
Rainfall, temperature, sunshine hours, humidity and wind can be some of the contributing factors.

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6
Q

Define soils.

A

Soils are the weathered or eroded materials from rocks. Some things of interest are the soil type, fertility and the drainage.

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7
Q

Define vegetation.

A

The vegetation of an area is the plants of an area. Some things of interest are the 1. vegetation types and 2. Their distribution.

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8
Q

Define Interaction

A

Interaction is how the elements or visible features of a landscape effect one another in different ways.

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9
Q

What are transport features?

A

Transport features are roads, railways, canals, shipping lanes or airports for example, and this infrastructure are the things helping the main structure function.

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10
Q

What are contour lines?

A

Contour lines are the lines on a topographic map that represent something like a hill or mountain, that has certain elevation above the sea level.

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11
Q

Is the hill or mountain/elevation above sea level, steeper when the contour lines are close together or further apart?

A

A hill or mountain is steeper when the contour lines are closer together.

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12
Q

When a number is negative, is the elevation above or below sea level?

A

Below sea level

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13
Q

Do contour lines ever cross each other?

A

Contour lines will never cross each other on a map because it would not be accurate with the realistic features shown on the map, as a mountain cannot be two different gradients in the same location.

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14
Q

What is the contour interval?

A

The contour interval is the distance between any two contour lines, classifying how steep that interval is.

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15
Q

What are the faults in a rock more commonly known as?

A

The faults are the cracks or weak points in a rock

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16
Q

When does erosion occur?

Give the examples of erosional landforms that are created via erosion…

A

Erosion occurs when the backwash is stronger than the swash.
Some examples of erosional landforms are headland, faults, cliff, cliff/wave-cut notch, collapsed cliff, wave cut platform, cave, arch, blowhole, gorges, stack, stump, etc. etc. etc.

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17
Q

When does deposition occur?

Give some examples of depositional landforms…

A

Deposition occurs when the swash is stronger than the backwash.
Beaches, spits, bars and tombolos can be formed when deposition occurs.

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18
Q

What are the two types of human engineering solutions?

A

Hard engineering and soft engineering.

19
Q

What are some examples of hard engineering?

A

Groynes, Sea walls, breakwaters, artificial reefs and harbours.

20
Q

What are some examples of soft engineering?

A
  • Replenishing and bringing in more sand
  • Managed retreat when the council buys the houses and moves them or destroys them so that the ocean can process naturally.
21
Q

What is a strong wave AKA?

A

A strong wave AKA a destructive wave.

22
Q

What is a Weak/Gentle Wave AKA?

A

A weak/gentle wave AKA a constructive wave.

23
Q

What is a destructive wave AKA?

A

A destructive wave AKA a strong wave.

24
Q

How is a beach formed?

A

A beach is formed in sheltered environments such as bays, when the swash is stronger than the backwash, as deposition occurs.

25
Q

How does a spit form?

A

A spit is formed when Longshore Drift deposits sand and debris up the coastline in a certain direction because of the direction of the prevailing wind.

A spit does not connect to another point of mainland or an island, like bars and tombolos.

26
Q

How does a bar form?

A

A bar is formed when Longshore Drift deposits sand and debris forming a
- spit that is connected to two points of the mainland.

27
Q

How does a tombolo form?

A

A tombolo is formed when Longshore Drift deposits sand and debris forming a spit that is connected to one point of mainland, and an island.

28
Q

How does a destructive wave formed?

A
  • A destructive wave is formed when the energy in waves have travelled thousands of kms before it reaches and is released on the coast.
  • The destructive waves are the waves responsible for erosion of the coastline.
29
Q

What is Geography?

A

Geography is the study of the earth and its features and of the distribution ( spread ) of life on the earth, including human life and the effects of human activity.

30
Q

What are the four types of erosion?

A

The four types of erosion are hydraulic action, attrition, abrasion and corrosion.

31
Q

Define hydraulic action.

A

Hydraulic action:
The strong waves crash into the cliff face. Trapped air is blasted into holes and cracks in the rock causing them to break apart. This weakens the rock further and leads to a wave-cut notch, collapsed cliff and wave-cut platform.

32
Q

Define attrition.

A

Attrition:
Rock fragments carried by the sea knock into each other, they break down and become smaller and more rounded. This is what we know as sand.

33
Q

Define abrasion.

A

Abrasion:
Fragments of rock are picked up and hurled at the cliff by the sea. They scrape and gouge the rock, which makes each piece of debris smaller, and is then fine enough to be classified as sand.

34
Q

Define corrosion.

A

Solution / corrosion: Chemical action of the sea water where salts and acids in the water can dissolve rock.

35
Q

Describe the cliff recession process.

A

The cliff recession process is:

  • The waves attack the base of the cliff through the processes of abrasion, corrosion, hydraulic action and attrition.
  • Over time the cliff will be undercut and a wave-cut notch is formed.

Eventually the cliff becomes unstable and collapses. Further cliff retreat will form a wave-cut platform.

36
Q

Describe how an arch is formed.

A

An arch is formed when caves on either side of a headland are eroded further and join up to form one opening

37
Q

Describe how a bay is formed.

A

A bay is formed when the softer parts of a coastline wear away more quickly than headlands and therefore become bays.

38
Q

Describe how gorges are formed.

A

Some caves can be hundreds of metres long. Waves entering long caves can wear away the roof, causing it to collapse and forming a deep gorge

39
Q

Describe how a stack is formed.

A

As the soft rock of arches is eroded by the destructive waves, the rock above the arches eventually falls into the sea leaving behind stacks – vertical columns – of rock.

40
Q

Describe how a headland is formed.

A

Some sections of the coastline are made up of harder rock than other sections. These can resist the energy of the destructive waves longer than the softer parts and remain as headlands – high, rocky outcrops of land.

41
Q

Describe how a cliff is formed.

A

Cliffs along coasts are formed by the action of waves on rock. The power of the waves erodes softer rock, leaving the more durable rock behind

42
Q

What is refraction?

A

As waves approach the coast they tend to bend around headlands and islands and attack them from the side in a process known as refraction.

43
Q

Describe how caves are formed.

A

When waves encounter a fault in the cliff, they wear away the rock also using refraction. They create a small opening, which is soon enlarged into a cave. The waves can now enter the cave and erode the sides and top, enlarging it and later causing it to fall in creating arches then stacks

Social Science 2014 (3 decks)

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