Landscapes, Coastal Landscapes And Processes

Question 1

How is Igneous rock formed and Give an example

Answer 1

Formed when molten rock hardens and cools. These rocks form crystals.
Granite

Question 2

How is Sedimentary rock formed and Give an example

Answer 2

Formed when layers of sediment are compacted together until they become solid rock
Chalk

Question 3

How is Metamorphic rock formed and Give an example

Answer 3

This is when older rocks are changed due to pressure and heat which leads to new rocks
Slate into Schist

Question 4

What are the types of Physical Processes that change a landscape

Answer 4

Weathering
Erosion
Mass Movement

Question 5

What are the types of Human Processes that change a landscape

Answer 5

Agriculture
Settlements pave land, increasing surface run-off

Question 6

What is Mechanical Weathering

Answer 6

This is the breakdown of rock mechanically like freeze-thaw weathering

Question 7

What is Chemical Weathering

Answer 7

The breakdown of rock by changing its chemical decomposition like acid rain

Question 8

What is Biological Weathering

Answer 8

The breakdown of rock by living things like rabbits digging burrows

Question 9

What is Mass Movement and How does it happen

Answer 9

This is the shifting of material down a slope or cliff.
this happens when water gets into cracks causing the material to get heavier and slide down due to gravity

Question 10

What are the 4 Processes Of Erosion and What do they do

Answer 10

Hydraulic Action occurs when waves crash against a cliff and compress the air, leading to a huge pressure change and a small explosion that breaks down the rock.
Abrasion - where rocks rub against the cliff removing small pieces.
Attrition - where rocks rub against each other and become smoother
Solution - is where the rocks reacts with the water which ends up dissolving

Question 11

What is Longshore Drift

Answer 11

This is when waves follow the prevailing wind while the swash carries material up the beach when it loses its energy and the backwash carries material along the coast.

Question 12

What are the 3 Processes of Transportation

Answer 12

Traction - where large rocks rub against the seabed
Saltation - where pebble-sized materials bounce along the seabed
Suspension - is where fine material are carried by the water

Question 13

What is Deposition

Answer 13

This is when the material being carried is dropped on the coast. This occurs when the water carrying the sediment loses all its energy

Question 14

What are the Two Different Waves

Answer 14

Constructive Waves - waves that have a stronger swash, which leads to wide beaches being constructed
Destructive Waves - waves that have a stronger backwash leading to the erosion of a coat, which also leads to steep beaches due to the removal of the sediment

Question 15

What is a Concordant Coastline

Answer 15

Where alternating bands of hard and soft rock are parallel to the coast

Question 16

What is a Discordant Coastline

Answer 16

Where alternating bands of hard and soft rock are at right angles to the coast

Question 17

What is a Wave-cut platform

Answer 17

This is where the base of the cliff erodes to form a wave-cut notch, this then becomes unstable and collapses. The material then forms a pile on the floor called a Wave-cut platform.

Question 18

How are Headlands and Bays formed on Discordant Coastlines

Answer 18

Headlands erode slowly as they are made up of hard rock
Whereas bays erode faster as they are made of soft rock

Question 19

How are Headlands Eroded to form Caves, Arches and Stacks

Answer 19

Waves crash into the headlands and enlarge the cracks by Hydraulic Action. This is repeated until a Cave forms. Continued erosion in the cave forms an Arch. Then the material on top of the arch erodes until the material collapse to form a stack.

Question 20

What are Spits and How do they form

Answer 20

Spits are beaches that stick out due to longshore drift.
Longshore drift carries material past a bend and up the coast. This material is then deposited until it reaches fast waves where the spit can progress further

Question 21

What is the area behind a Spit called

Answer 21

A Salt marsh, this area is protected from any strong waves.

Question 22

What are Bars and How do they form

Answer 22

Bars are formed when 2 headlands join together with a band of material.
The Bar is formed by longshore drift

Question 23

What Human Activities affect Coastal Landscapes

Answer 23

Urbanisation - beaches become narrower meaning the cliff is more vulnerable to erosion
Agriculture - clearing trees makes soil vulnerable and produces stress on the cliff

Question 24

What is the Environmental and Human Effects of flooding

Answer 24

Environmental - the force of water can uproot trees, salt water can also contaminate freshwater sources.
Human - low-lying houses are vulnerable, and the risk to infrastructure can put tourists off

Question 25

What are methods of Soft Engineering To Protect Coasts and What's bad about them

Answer 25

Beach Nourishment - where sand is added to beaches, making them wider and less vulnerable to erosion. However, it is very expensive Managed Retreat - where flooding takes place naturally, and land becomes a marshland, making new habitats for animals. However, ethically, it is wrong as it can damage houses

Question 26

What are methods of Hard Engineering To Protect Coasts and What's bad about them

Answer 26

Sea Wall - made out of concrete that reflects waves back into the sea. However, it is expensive and hard to maintain. Rip-Rap - boulders of rock that are piled together to break the wave's energy. However, they don't look natural Groynes - wooden fences that trap material and prevent longshore drift, which makes the beach wider cheaply. However, they look un-natural and need to be replaced frequently. They also starve beaches further down