Landmark cases Flashcards
What was the major outcome of Arizona v Gant?
Allows officers to search the “grab area” of the suspect incident to an arrest.
What was the major outcome of Carroll v United States?
Allows officers to search a vehicle with probable cause only –not a warrant– because vehicles can be readily moved.
What was the major outcome of Florida v Jardines?
Use of a drug sniffing dog by law enforcement outside of a home requires probable cause.
What was the major outcome of Graham v Connor?
Establishes “objective reasonableness” standard when reviewing use of force.
Three prongs include 1) severity of crime, 2) imminent threats to officers, and 3) active resistance by fight or flight.
What was the major outcome of Illinois v Gates?
Informants “veracity,” “reliability” and “basis of knowledge” are important when establishing probable cause.
What was the major outcome of JDB v North Carolina?
Age is a coercive factor for interrogations.
What was the major outcome of Katz v United States?
Officers must have a warrant to search areas where there is a “reasonable expectation of privacy.”
What was the major outcome of Litchfield v State of Indiana?
Created the “Litchfield Test”; 1) degree of law enforcement concern, 2) degree of intrusion, and 3) the extent of law enforcement need.
What was the major outcome of Miranda v Arizona?
Created the “Miranda Warning”; officers are required to inform suspects of their right to remain silent and retain an attorney before interrogating.
What was the major outcome of Payton v New York?
Bars state statues that allow for warrantless searches and seizures
What was the major outcome of Scarborough v State of Indiana?
Established that ongoing crimes that are not misdemeanor exceptions can be arrested outside of the officer’s presence.
What was the major outcome of Terry v Ohio?
Created the “Terry Stop”; officers may stop individuals they have reasonable suspicion crime is afoot AND reasonable belief they are armed and dangerous.
What was the major outcome of United States v Drayton?
The mere presence of law enforcement does not constitute a seizure, nor a search.
What was the major outcome of Pirtle v State of Indiana?
Gives suspects the right to consult with an attorney before a search.
