land & maritime empires

Question 1

14th to 18th centuries period of cooling that lowered the crop yields due to climate change

Answer 1

Little Ice Age

Question 2

14th to 20th century Islamic Empire centered in the Middle East… one of the Gunpowder Empires that controlled the “heart” of the Islamic world

Answer 2

Ottoman Empire

Question 3

14th-17th century Dynasty in China. Reunified China after defeating the Mongol, worked to erase much of the Mongol culture from the Yuan dynasty and mongol control… sent expeditions into the Indian Ocean in the 15th century but later embraced isolationist ideas in the later centuries

Answer 3

Ming Empire

Question 4

system of labor tribute used by Inca Empire & then adopted by the Spanish to force natives to work, such as in Spanish mines & encomiendas

Answer 4

mita system

Question 5

West Africa kingdoms that grew in power and wealth through their connections to the Trans-Atlantic slave trade

Answer 5

Kingdoms of Asante & Kongo

Question 6

system of racial hierarchy in Spanish controlled Americas that ordered the European, Natives, slaves, and mixed-races of the reigon after European conquest

Answer 6

Casta system

Question 7

leader of Ming Expeditions throughout the Indian Ocean to demonstrate Chinese power and bring the Indian Ocean into the Chinese tribute system. Records of the voyages were destroyed soon after the Ming turned inward

Answer 7

Zheng He

Question 8

environmental transfer of plants, annimals, and diseases from Afro-Eurasia to the Americas (16th century)

Answer 8

Columbian Exchange

Question 9

16th-18th century system of land ownership and usage in the Americas by Spanish conquerors. Spanish landlords oversaw native workers in agriculture

Answer 9

Encomienda system

Question 10

16th-18th century Islamic Empire in South Asia ruling over a mostly Hindu population

Answer 10

Mughal Empire

Question 11

16th-17th c Portuguese control of cities and ports along the Indian Ocean trade network that competed with Muslim, Hindu, and other merchants of the trade networks

Answer 11

Trading Post Empire

Question 12

16th-17th c schism in European Christianity dividing “Protestant” and “Catholic” Christianity and leading to political and cultural tension in Europe and European Christianization of the Americas and elsewhere

Answer 12

Protestant Reformation

Question 13

late 16th century joint stock company used to control spice trade in regions of Southeast Asia. Made high profits and was allowed to conquer, make treaties, and trade in the name of the Dutch government

Answer 13

Dutch East India Company

Question 14

17th century rulers (Shoguns) of a recently unified Japan. Promoted cultural isolation while developing a commercial economy and silver mining. (Rejected European mimsisonaries.)

Answer 14

Tokugawa Shogunate

Question 15

17th-20th c Initially the Manchus were a group from Northern China but invaded and conquered all of China taking over from the Ming and ruled China for 3 centuries

Answer 15

Manchu (Qing) Empire

Question 16

16th to mid 18th century Empire in Persia (Iran). Shi’a Islamic Empire of the gunpowder empires. Had conflict with the Sunni Empires

Answer 16

Safavid Empire

Question 17

system used by Ottoman rulers in a small region of their empire in which rulers took non-Muslim youth as “slaves” and converted and trained them to become leading military and bureaucratic elites loyal to the sultan

Answer 17

devshirme

Question 18

in Europe “divine right to rule” in China “Mandate of Heaven” - idea that a ruler had legitimacy because of a god or gods’ support

Answer 18

supernatural sanction to rule

Question 19

European example of ruler legitimizing power through architecture in the French king’s construction of a giant royal palace

Answer 19

Palace of Versailles

Question 20

taxation system used especially in the Ottoman state in which the government auctioned taxation rights to the highest bidder who then collected the state taxes and made payments in fixed installments, keeping a part of the tax revenue for his own use. Example of economic strategy to consolidate power.

Answer 20

tax farming

Question 21

tax in some form (goods, “money”, work)

Answer 21

tribute

Question 22

cultural revival in Western Europe centered on a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) culture and ideas

Answer 22

Renaissance

Question 23

Catholic Church response to the Protestant Reformation, elements of corruption were eliminated and hte basis of Catholicism was confirmed. Also, renewed interest in punishing “heresy” (ideas that went against the church’s teachigns). Jesuit order formed for increased missionary efforts

Answer 23

Counter reformation

Question 24

belief system beginning in the 1500s in South Asia. “Blend” of Hinduism and Islam and was “Monotheistic” & relatively tolerant. example of syncretism

Answer 24

Sikhism

Question 25

large percetange of Amerindians died due to diseases such as measles and small pox, caused by the Columbian Exchange and disease transmission from Europeans coming to the Americas in the 16th and 17th centuries

Answer 25

Great Dying

Question 26

16th-19th century humans trafficked from West Africa to the Americas to work in plantation agriculture. West African states were built of the trade and European wealth was increased due to the plantation exports

Answer 26

Trans-Atlantic slave trade

Question 27

economic system from 16th-18th century, many European nations attempted to accumulate the largest possible share of that wealth by maximizing imports of precious metals and raw materials and exported finished goods (especially to their colonies). System the discouraged “free trade” and encouraged protectionism.

Answer 27

Mercantilism

Question 28

economic innovation in which European companies in which a group of investors supported trade activity and commerce

Answer 28

Joint-Stock companies

Question 29

mixing of cultures/beliefs

Answer 29

syncretism

Question 30

racial hierarchy of Latin America and the Caribbean in the casta system in which the Europeans connections tended to dominate at the top.

Answer 30

Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizos, Natives, Mulattos