Land Exam Flashcards
How do we see objects?
Natural and Artificial light
What is a CCD and how does it work?
Charged couple device - a highly sensitive photon sensor
Instead of a film, a sensor now converts light into electrical charges to create a digital image in the form of pixels on a screen
What factors effect IR detection?
Contrast Emissivity Thermal crossover Density System saturation
How do we see things and who came up with the theory?
Shape, size, shades and tones, shadow and surroundings. Hamshaw Thomas
What effects IR Picture in the atmosphere?
CO2
H20
O3
What does PAW and SAW Stand for a cover?
Primary atmospheric window 8-14 uN
Secondary atmospheric window 3-5uN
Define emissivity
Emissivity is 1 over reflectivity
1 Emissivity is perfect black with zero reflectivity
Temperature factor x Emissivity = Radiant flux
What is Thermal capacity?
The amount of heat energy an object can hold (thermal reservoir)
What are the two types of tactical airspace control and what are they?
Positive - relies on radar, IFF, data links, or other electronic means to track and direct you.
Procedural - Relies on previously agreed too and disseminated airspace orders and procedures for assets to follow.
What is an ATO and how long is the cycle?
Air tasking order - 72 hours
What is the definition of a ROZ
Restricted operation zone - a restricted operation area for one or more users, such as air-air refuelling or RPAS zone
Define a BDZ?
A base defence zone - air defence engagement zone, short range air defence systems and specifics entry/exit routes, needs IFF procedures
Define a MEZ?
Missile engagement zones - responsibility for engagement relies on a particular weapons system within an area of operations
Define a HIDACZs?
High density airspace control zone - concentration of numerous users in an area of defined dimensions.
Define a IFF switch ON/OFF line?
A line in which you must switch on/off IFF in accordance with SPINS
What height models do we use?
DTM digital terrain model - bare ground surface without objects (flat earth).
DSM/DEM digital surface model / digital elevation model. - earths surface including all objects.
On reaper DTED digital terrain elevation data - US system for DSM/DEM
Explain for GPS works?
3 segments - User, Space and control
User, receiver relies on information cannot influence the system, passive.
Space, 24 operational and 3 reserve satellites, 3 needed for 2D and 4 needed for 3D fix.
Control, ground facilities that track, monitor, Command and correct satellites.
Types of TDL
Simplex, one way broadcast like a TV, allows platforms without sensors to use data link information.
Duplex, two way simultaneous communications, such as a telephone.
Semi-Duplex, two way non-simultaneous communication like a radio with push to talk function
Data link symbols meaning?
Shape equates to its environment
Colour equates to its HUFN status
What are the different types of coordinate systems and how do they work?
MGRS - military grid reference system.
3 parts, Grid zone designator 1-60 west to east, C-X south to north, 2 letters for 100km, and grid reference 2-10 numbers 10 numbers = 1m square accuracy.
GPS - DMS decimals, minutes, seconds
DDM, decimals and decimal minutes
DD, decimal minutes.
CGRS, Common grid reference system, in use for kill box operations, origin point is theatre specific.
GARS, similar to CGRS except that GARS breaking into quarters then keypads. GARS is global.
What are the different types of Killbox?
Purple- which allows for surface to surface fire as well as air to surface fire.
Blue- just allows air to surface fire.
Define weapon danger close?
The ground and airspace for lateral and vertical containment of projectiles, fragments, debris, and components resulting from the firing, launching, and detonation of aviation delivered ordinance.
What is CDE?
Collateral damage estimate - the estimated damage caused to civilian property and personnel
Define RED?
Risk damage estimate - Risk estimate distanceallows the commander to estimate the risk in terms of percent of friendly casualtiesthat may result from the employment of lethal fires with close proximity of friendly forces.
What is a game plan?
It provides methods of attack, either via Bomb on target BOT or bomb on coordinates BOC and provides the type of terminal attack control, either 1,2 or 3.
Explain the 3 types of terminal attack control?
Type 1 - JTAC Visually acquiring attacking aircraft or target, accessing the attack geometry and maintaining control of the individual attack whilst maintaining visual with target.
Type 2 - JTAC requires control of individual attacks, and is unable to visually acquire the attacking aircraft at weapons release or is unable to Visually acquire target.
Type 3 - JTAC or FACA, requires ability to require clearance for multiple attacks within single engagement, subject to specific restrictions and doesn’t need visual.
