Land Exam

Question 1

How do we see objects?

Answer 1

Natural and Artificial light

Question 2

What is a CCD and how does it work?

Answer 2

Charged couple device - a highly sensitive photon sensor

Instead of a film, a sensor now converts light into electrical charges to create a digital image in the form of pixels on a screen

Question 3

What factors effect IR detection?

Answer 3

Contrast 
Emissivity 
Thermal crossover
Density
System saturation

Question 4

How do we see things and who came up with the theory?

Answer 4

Shape, size, shades and tones, shadow and surroundings. Hamshaw Thomas

Question 5

What effects IR Picture in the atmosphere?

Answer 5

CO2
H20
O3

Question 6

What does PAW and SAW Stand for a cover?

Answer 6

Primary atmospheric window 8-14 uN

Secondary atmospheric window 3-5uN

Question 7

Define emissivity

Answer 7

Emissivity is 1 over reflectivity

1 Emissivity is perfect black with zero reflectivity

Temperature factor x Emissivity = Radiant flux

Question 8

What is Thermal capacity?

Answer 8

The amount of heat energy an object can hold (thermal reservoir)

Question 9

What are the two types of tactical airspace control and what are they?

Answer 9

Positive - relies on radar, IFF, data links, or other electronic means to track and direct you.

Procedural - Relies on previously agreed too and disseminated airspace orders and procedures for assets to follow.

Question 10

What is an ATO and how long is the cycle?

Answer 10

Air tasking order - 72 hours

Question 11

What is the definition of a ROZ

Answer 11

Restricted operation zone - a restricted operation area for one or more users, such as air-air refuelling or RPAS zone

Question 12

Define a BDZ?

Answer 12

A base defence zone - air defence engagement zone, short range air defence systems and specifics entry/exit routes, needs IFF procedures

Question 13

Define a MEZ?

Answer 13

Missile engagement zones - responsibility for engagement relies on a particular weapons system within an area of operations

Question 14

Define a HIDACZs?

Answer 14

High density airspace control zone - concentration of numerous users in an area of defined dimensions.

Question 15

Define a IFF switch ON/OFF line?

Answer 15

A line in which you must switch on/off IFF in accordance with SPINS

Question 16

What height models do we use?

Answer 16

DTM digital terrain model - bare ground surface without objects (flat earth).

DSM/DEM digital surface model / digital elevation model. - earths surface including all objects.

On reaper DTED digital terrain elevation data - US system for DSM/DEM

Question 17

Explain for GPS works?

Answer 17

3 segments - User, Space and control
User, receiver relies on information cannot influence the system, passive.
Space, 24 operational and 3 reserve satellites, 3 needed for 2D and 4 needed for 3D fix.
Control, ground facilities that track, monitor, Command and correct satellites.

Question 18

Types of TDL

Answer 18

Simplex, one way broadcast like a TV, allows platforms without sensors to use data link information.

Duplex, two way simultaneous communications, such as a telephone.

Semi-Duplex, two way non-simultaneous communication like a radio with push to talk function

Question 19

Data link symbols meaning?

Answer 19

Shape equates to its environment

Colour equates to its HUFN status

Question 20

What are the different types of coordinate systems and how do they work?

Answer 20

MGRS - military grid reference system.
3 parts, Grid zone designator 1-60 west to east, C-X south to north, 2 letters for 100km, and grid reference 2-10 numbers 10 numbers = 1m square accuracy.

GPS - DMS decimals, minutes, seconds
DDM, decimals and decimal minutes
DD, decimal minutes.

CGRS, Common grid reference system, in use for kill box operations, origin point is theatre specific.

GARS, similar to CGRS except that GARS breaking into quarters then keypads. GARS is global.

Question 21

What are the different types of Killbox?

Answer 21

Purple- which allows for surface to surface fire as well as air to surface fire.
Blue- just allows air to surface fire.

Question 22

Define weapon danger close?

Answer 22

The ground and airspace for lateral and vertical containment of projectiles, fragments, debris, and components resulting from the firing, launching, and detonation of aviation delivered ordinance.

Question 23

What is CDE?

Answer 23

Collateral damage estimate - the estimated damage caused to civilian property and personnel

Question 24

Define RED?

Answer 24

Risk damage estimate - Risk estimate distanceallows the commander to estimate the risk in terms of percent of friendly casualtiesthat may result from the employment of lethal fires with close proximity of friendly forces.

Question 25

What is a game plan?

Answer 25

It provides methods of attack, either via Bomb on target BOT or bomb on coordinates BOC and provides the type of terminal attack control, either 1,2 or 3.

Question 26

Explain the 3 types of terminal attack control?

Answer 26

Type 1 - JTAC Visually acquiring attacking aircraft or target, accessing the attack geometry and maintaining control of the individual attack whilst maintaining visual with target.

Type 2 - JTAC requires control of individual attacks, and is unable to visually acquire the attacking aircraft at weapons release or is unable to Visually acquire target.

Type 3 - JTAC or FACA, requires ability to require clearance for multiple attacks within single engagement, subject to specific restrictions and doesn’t need visual.