Land and species

Question 1

Biogeography

Answer 1

study of where species are found in relation to space and time

Question 2

Phylogeography

Answer 2

genetics used to understand biogeography (fossils, ore deposits, etc.
)

Question 3

Australian diversity is a result of…

Answer 3

history, biotic/abiotic environment and human impact

Question 4

Historical movement of earth

Answer 4

Pangea 1 supercontinet
Laurasia/gondwana = major life forms across two continents
Separation of gondwana –> austealia breaks away
Norward movement leads to desertification

Question 5

Wallaces Line

Answer 5

Biogeographical barrier (changes in environment between Australia and Southeast Asia)

Question 6

Allopatric Speciation

Answer 6

diverge in isolation

• geographic isloation
• caused by drift or selection (adaptations)
• reproductive isolation

Question 7

Parapatric speciation

Answer 7

diverge in contact

• two areas but there is contact
• primary contact = contrasting environments in close proximity -> gene breakdown
• secondary contact = separated and then reunited before completed speciation (less desired traits in hybrids - forces speciations on either end of spectrum)

Question 8

Sympatric speciation

Answer 8

diverge among each other (mixed population)

• one population with gene breakdown
• strong selection drives ecotypes (different habitat types within the same environment)
  - proximity breeding

(African fish example)

Question 9

Taxonomy

Answer 9

classifying diversity

75% invertebrates
11% plants
7% vertebrates

Question 10

Species

Answer 10

group of potentially and actually interbreeding populations, reproductively isolated from other groups

Question 11

Reproductive isolation

Answer 11

cant breed together to produce successful offspring

Question 12

Premating isolation

Answer 12

could but dont breed together

• mate choice
• flowering times
• habitat differences

Question 13

Postmating isolation

Answer 13

mate but dont produce successful offspring

• premature death
• sterile offspring

Question 14

Biological species concept

Answer 14

defines species taxon as group of organisms that can successfully interbreed
- based on speciation process

Question 15

Issues with BSC

Answer 15

1. hybridization
2. how do you determine level of interbreeding?
3. if populations dont occur together are they 100% reproductively isolated?
4. asexual reproduction

Question 16

Phylogenetic species concept

Answer 16

phyloGENETIC rule to define species

• divergence determined through tree groups
• consider genetics, morphology, ecology, and mating traits

Question 17

Linnaean classification system

Answer 17

Kingdom
Phylim
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 18

Binomial nomenclature

Answer 18

unique names created (no species will have the same name as another)
genus species