Lamme (2003)

Question 1

Change blindness

Answer 1

When a change is introduced but not perceived or noticed

Question 2

How to protect against change blindness

Answer 2

• cueing where change will occur
• attention should be placed near the location of change
• cue should be with original stimulus otherwise neural representation will disappear

Question 3

Attentional models of consciousness

Answer 3

One model says that there is no difference between attended and conscious stimuli and that non-attentional selection mechanisms filter stimulus based on salience or invisible attributes

Another model says that attention selects which conscious stimuli to be reported

Question 4

Phenomenal vs access awareness

Answer 4

Phenomenal awareness: conscious states of what it is like to be in that state

Access awareness: knowledge able to be used in reasoning and guides speech and action

Question 5

Iconic vs working memory

Answer 5

Iconic memory: very short and limited retinotopic image of what was just seen

Working memory: less limited form of memory which is able to be used in mental calculations

Question 6

Are attention, awareness and memory the same?

Answer 6

No, attention is independent of awareness and memory

Question 7

Endogenous and exogenous attention

Answer 7

Endogenous attention - stimulus properties which make it easier to pay attention to (salience)

Exogenous attention - processes that extract meaning and preactivate appropriate pathways based on current needs

Question 8

Feedforward sweep

Answer 8

Earliest activation of cells in successive areas of cortical hierarchy
As soon as the sweep has reached an area, it can start recurrent processing with other lower areas of the hierarchy

Question 9

Effects of backwards masking on conscious perception

Answer 9

Backwards masking renders a stimulus invisible if followed less than 40ms by another

Question 10

What does a TMS on V5 induce?

Answer 10

A TMS on V5 motion selective area induces motion sensations unless V1 is disrupted beforehand