Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

15- EQ- Lameness > Laminitis > Flashcards

Laminitis Flashcards

1
Q

what is laminitis

A

degeneration then failure of interdigitation between P3 and inside of hoof wall —> breakdown and separation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How are laminae made up

A

Dermal lamellae (P3) and epidermal lamellae (hoof) are strongly bonded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name 2 endocrine cause of laminitis

A

obesity/ equine metabolic syndrome
Pars Pituitary intermedia dysfunction (PPID)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what occurs in equine metabolic syndrome

A

Increased bodily fat reduces the cellular response to insulin – insulin resistance / dysregulation
This causes more insulin to be released
excess insulin in blood stream stimulates excess MMP production increasing risk of laminitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how does increased insulin lead to increased MMP production

A

not understood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does PPID lead to laminitis

A

Excess Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) also causes hyperinsulinaemia
stimulates excess MMP production increasing the risk of laminitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

List some non-endocrine causes of laminitis

A

toxic - compromised bowel or sever infection
support limb laminitis
corticosteroid induced
stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe how severe infections lead to laminitis

A

Bacterial endotoxin enters the blood stream – endotoxaemia
MMP production is increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe support limb laminitis

A

Severe lameness in 1 limb causes excessive weight bearing in contra-lateral limb–> reduces blood flow to laminae causing hypoxia –> inflammation and MMP production
therefore support limb laminitis is often unilateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the importance of MMP in laminitis

A

MMP are catabolic enzymes
they release the bond between dermal lamella (P3) and epidermal lamellae (hoof)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how can corticosteroids administration lead to laminitis

A

exogenous glucocorticoids
Induce hyperinsulinaemia and subsequent increase MMP production as above
Risk greater in animals that are already susceptible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

describe how stress can lead to laminitis

A

endogenous glucocorticoids increase- due to fight/ flight situation
Induce hyperinsulinaemia and subsequent increase MMP production as above
Risk greater in animals that are already susceptible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

describe the signalment of laminitis

A

age- no consistent predisposition
breed- occurs in all breeds of horse but native breeds/ ponies predisposed
sex- no predisposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

when is the peak incidence of equine laminitis

A

spring and autumn
linked to grass growth
but can occur all year round

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what signs in the horses stance suggest laminitis

A

leaning backwards
weight shifting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

List 4 signs of PPID

A

hirsuitism- long curly winter coat
decreased muscle mass
‘pot belly’ appearance
supra orbital fat pads become more evident

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

List 2 signs of EMS

A

excess body condition
abnormal fat distribution

18
Q

which limbs does laminitis generally affect

A

often affects both front limbs
May be all 4 limbs, just 1 limb or just the hind limbs

19
Q

List 2 signs of laminitis in the foot

A

increased digital pulse
hooves warm to touch

20
Q

what on the foot can suggest severe laminitic disease

A

Depression at coronary band and loss of concavity of sole (sinking of the pedal bone )

21
Q

what do you look for on limb specific exam in laminitis cases

A

Visible growth rings indicate previous episodes
Able to lift legs
often show pain to hoof testers at point of frog
Depression at coronary band and loss of concavity of sole suggest severe disease (sinking)

22
Q

describe what we see on dynamic exam with laminitis

A

Degree of lameness varies
Usually worse when turning and on hard ground
Foot lands heel first to spare the toe region from weight bearing
Sometimes show a high stepping gait with hind limb laminitis.

23
Q

what 2 radiographs are taken when investigating laminitis

A

latero-medial view
dorso-palmar view

24
Q

describe the limits for rotation of the pedal bone on radiography in laminitis

A

<5 mild
5-10 moderate
>10 severe

25
Q

List the 2 ways to test for EMS

A

baseline insulin (serum)
oral sugar challenge test

26
Q

describe the baseline insulin (serum ) test

A

Feed only hay / grass for 12 hours prior
Positive result (increased baseline insulin) is diagnostic for EMS
Negative result (normal baseline insulin) does not rule the disease out – lots of false negatives

27
Q

Describe the oral sugar challenge test

A

Feed only hay / grass for 12 hours prior
Feed Karo light corn syrup or dextrose powder
Blood sample for insulin 60-90 mins later

28
Q

List the 2 ways to test for PPID

A

Baseline ACTH (EDTA)- usually diagnostic
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone stimulation test

29
Q

Describe the baseline ACTH test

A

Usually diagnostic
Reference range changes through the year
Usually most accurate in the autumn

30
Q

Describe the Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone stimulation test

A

Rarely required because baseline ACTH test usually diagnostic for PPID
Collect baseline ACTH
Inject TRH
Collect another ACTH 10 minutes later

31
Q

what do you need to consider when testing for EMS and PPID

A

Results are inaccurate if animal is in pain – maybe wait a few days until more comfortable (after given pain relief)

32
Q

Describe the initial management of laminitis

A

pain relief -NSAIDs (phenylbutazone), paracetamol, opiates
Vasodilator
support feet

33
Q

what/why vasodilators are used in laminitis cases

A

Improve blood supply to distal limbs
Acepromazine

34
Q

describe how to support feet in laminitis cases

A

confine to stable on deep shaving beds
remove shoes
use frog supports

35
Q

Describe diet changes in cases of laminitis

A

1.5-2% body weight dry weight hay, soaked for 1 hour to reduce sugar content
Tiny amount of low sugar food (alfalfa) to put medication in
Vitamin / mineral balancer

36
Q

List 3 drugs that can treat EMS

A

metformin, levothyroxine, ertugliflozin

37
Q

List 2 drugs that can be used to treat PPID

A

pergolide, cabergoline

38
Q

what can farriers do to support horses with laminitis

A

trim heels and toes
heart bar shoes

39
Q

what is a salvage procedure in laminitis

A

deep digital flexor tenotomy
used if we can’t stop the rotation of the P3
this removes the palmar traction on P3
salvage only

40
Q

List 5 factors that affect prognosis of lainitis

A

lameness severity
Degree of rotation
Sinking
Patient weight
Ability to control endocrine disease

41
Q

Describe how laminits occurs

A

dermal lamellae and epidermal lamella are strongly bonded - to allow the hoof to grow, MMPs release the bonds and allow the lamina to slide, laminitis occurs due to degradation of the interdigitation - often a result of excess MMP activity

15- EQ- Lameness (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions